EQ2 Regeneration Flashcards

Question

What did the expansion of the auto industry make Detroit?

Answer 1

Fueld a growth spurt that made Detroit the fourth largest city in the country.

Answer 2

By 1950, the population peaked at almost 1.85 million

Answer 3

People moved to Detroit to work at the Big Three auto companies: Ford, General Motors and Chrysler.

Answer 4

At the height of prosperity- the risks of the city's reliance on a single industry became apparent

Answer 5

First, there was decentralization. Strikes, inspired by union negotiations and a refusal by blacks and whites to work side by side, were halting progress. Factories were built in the suburbs and in neighboring states so that if there was a protest in one factory, work could still continue elsewhere. But as the factories spread out, so too did the job opportunities.

Answer 6

the transfer of control of an activity or organisation to several local offices or authorities rather than one single one.

Answer 7

When the industry then experimented with automation, replacing assembly-line jobs with machinery, tens of thousands of jobs were lost. - after black/white strikes, refusing to work together.

Answer 8

The industry shrank even more during the energy crisis in the 1970s and the economic recession in the 1980s. And foreign competition caused profits to plummet.

Answer 9

As auto jobs moved elsewhere and the region aged, Detroit's labor costs - retiree health care costs, especially - increased substantially.

Answer 10

2023- 31.5%

Answer 11

Due to fewer people paying taxes - financial starvation and struggle to maintain social services.

Answer 12

Detroit- 58 minutes (poor) SF- under 3 minutes (2010)

Answer 13

2002- 164k 2012- 53k in réponse, serval school buildings have been shuttered.

Answer 14

Exacerbated by middle-class black families' moving to the suburbs to pursue jobs or better schools, and to escape crime. Meanwhile, the city's poor have stayed in Detroit.

Answer 15

Now- 10.7% 2010- 24%

Answer 16

A plan to cut retiree pensions, which some estimate account for $3.5 billion of the city's $18 billion in debt, could worsen the lives of some.

Answer 17

The lack of a transportation system (2010) However... People Mover: In 1987, Detroit opened the Detroit People Mover, an elevated downtown loop. It's limited in scope and ridership. SMART and DDOT: Suburban (SMART) and city (DDOT) buses provide some regional coverage but lack integration. QLine: A modern streetcar line (QLine) launched in 2017 on Woodward Avenue—more symbolic than transformative

Answer 18

As the city works to reinvent itself, it has drawn a community of artists and young people with big dreams of a total makeover for Detroit Challenge- to make sure longtime residents were included in the movement.- The people who have been living in Detroit and holding on should be part of the process.

Answer 19

Areas of low-income groups in need of greater social assistance, who have been segregated from the rest of society Often have high levels of crime, drugs and gang warfare - high priority for regeneration

Answer 20

1) Twice as likely to have mental health problems 2) A fifth more likely to die 3) Eleven times more likely to be severely deprived

Answer 21

Barracks in Glasgow Broadwater Farm in London Lower Falinge in Rochdale

Answer 22

Enclosed estates or buildings are often found in regenerated areas of the inner-city Walls, gates and controlled entrances separate the gated community from the rest of the area Low- priority for regeneration

Answer 23

People who live in these areas tend to have higher incomes than the people living outside the gated community Low levels of deprivation Emphasises the large inequality between those in the gated community and those outside

Answer 24

The number of gated communities is increasing in the UK, with approximately 5 million of them

Answer 25

Docklands in London Brockhall Village in the Ribble Valley (Lancashire) St George’s Hill in Weybridge (Surrey)

Answer 26

These settlements are less accessible High levels of deprivation in terms of access to services, such as: Banks Post offices Leisure centres Travel time to food shops, doctors, schools Broadband and mobile coverage

Answer 27

Community safety Housing Environment Employment

Answer 28

Tibenham in Norfolk Bickington, near Dartmoor National Park

Answer 29

The majority of rural populations live in accessible rural places, which are experiencing population growth

Answer 30

- Accessible rural places are close to high-speed railways and motorways, encouraging commuters to locate there. - These places tend to have wealthy, economically active populations and low levels of deprivation - Fewer services are required as commuters do not always demand local shops, schools or bus services - House prices increase, forcing out the lower-paid, young local people

Answer 31

Edale and Hathersage in the Peak District Lathom near Liverpool Audlem near Manchester

Answer 32

Areas that need regeneration can be found next to those that do not need it at all Rich, gated communities can be found right next to 'sink estates' in urban areas In rural areas, successful, wealthy commuter villages may be only a few miles away from less accessible rural villages suffering from population decline and service deprivation

Answer 33

- committees running local allotments, open spaces and nature reserves, village shops and more powerful voicerous 'NIMBY' (not in my back yard) groups protesting over planned developments- new housing, fracking and wind farms

Answer 34

- Groups focused on fundraising and helping more vulnerable people in the local community- meals on wheels, transport to hospitals and friendship groups.

Answer 35

- residents in an estate may form a group and can be effective in reducing antisocial behaviour

Answer 36

Community participation at all stages.

Answer 37

9k- including the government, national lottery, supermarket chains- may be able to help with basic administration and running costs

Answer 38

The ways in which people participate in their community in order to improve the quality of life for others or to shape their communities future

Answer 39

local elections national elections community groups

Answer 40

South west England, Cornwall A village of 800 people A new community shop was opened

Answer 41

Won in the south west region Second in the Uk finals

Answer 42

the number of clubs and societies for all ages and backgrounds, and a strong sense of belonging and engagement in the village. It's that sense of engagement that gave birth to the community shop - organised by a group of volunteers.

Answer 43

* Out of 280 households in Grampound, 257 became shareholders in the new shop, raising £20 500.

Answer 44

* The Prince's Countryside Fund, a national charity with Prince Charles as patron, also awarded £19 000. *Grants from the Parish Council, charities keen on rural development, and from a company which built two wind turbines within the parish, added another £10 000. *In total, the village raised over £50 000!

Answer 45

Key people who are willing to stand for elections, raise money, or simply organise activities. A range of activities. In spite of its small population, Grampound has a thriving carnival every September, and its website lists 14 clubs and organisations. * Politicians. Grampound's county councillor lives in the village. He organises a monthly local-produce market , which in 2015 had about 20 stalls. - His newsletters give information on everything local, as well as updates on key issues. Residents feel informed and supported.

Answer 46

In the 2013 Parish Council Election, the turnout (the percentage of people who voted) was 63%. Nationally, the turnout in Parish Council Elections is below 30%. * The turnout in Grampound for the County Council Election in the same year was still as high as 43%, against a county average of 33%. - highlight political engagement (local)

Answer 47

Cumbria (north west England) West scotland South west of Ireland parts of north east England

Answer 48

Traditionally, the national turnout in the UK for EU elections has been low. In 2014 it was 36%, and has never exceeded 38.5%. In continental Europe, the turnout varied between 90% in Belgium (home of many of the EU's major institutions) and 18% in the Czech Republic. Political engagement reduces as people become more removed from the centre of power - producing voter apathy.

Answer 49

Young people may be more concerned with the future economy of the area, because it affects their job prospects. They may be more likely to favour regeneration that increases the number of jobs available to them. Older people who are retired may be less concerned with new employment opportunities. They may want to preserve the look and feel of a place where they've spent many years. For example, younger people and recent migrants may favour the demolition of an area, while older people may favour renovating existing

Answer 50

cornwall- 18.7% National- 14.2% Means there are more people with time to devote to activities. - those over 60 are also more likely to vote in elections

Answer 51

- women may feel less able to go to the pub alone, and a stay-at-home parent may be more active in the local community - women may feel less safe or empowered to participate in public spaces or engage in certain activities, leading to lower engagement in some areas. - - Conversely, women may be more active in community-based activities, particularly those related to childcare or family. - men may too busy with work

Answer 52

People from a specific ethnic group may feel that the place they've moved to is completely disconnected from their own cultural heritage. * Others may have such strong nationalistic feelings associated with place that their perceived experience of it excludes those who do not share their ethnicity. * Some communities of international migrants, particularly those who have sought asylum, can feel a strong connection to a place. Their new home may be the first place they have lived where they have freedom and safety, evoking a strong sense of loyalty to the place.

Answer 53

A feeling of powerlessness to change a place or to address the level of deprivation experienced there may create a negative lived experience.

Answer 54

- Ed Fieldhouse, Professor at Manchester University, found that voting in the 2001 General Election was greater within East London's Bangladeshi community than amongst Londoners as a whole - even though the area was poorer. - He believes that people vote where they have faced prejudice, or exploitation at work, and that traditions of community organisation have transferred there from Bangladesh.

Answer 55

- Some people may have recently moved to an area, and there may be language or cultural barriers that make valuing every aspect of a place more challenging. - Transient populations such as students or second homeowners have a different type of lived experience from someone who is there permanently and wants to spend their future there. - Studentification can be frustrating for local residents as students may not care as much about the long term success of the area, as they won't be living there for very long.

Answer 56

The London 2011 riots are closely linked to differing views on urban regeneration strategies, particularly in areas like Tottenham, where social inequality and economic neglect were longstanding issues.

Answer 57

Perception of Exclusion from Regeneration Many communities affected by the riots — like Tottenham, Hackney, and Croydon — had experienced regeneration that did not benefit long-term residents: Top-down redevelopment projects often focused on attracting investment, new housing, and middle-class residents. Locals, especially young people and ethnic minorities, felt excluded from the economic benefits. Regeneration was seen as a code for gentrification — pushing poorer communities out rather than uplifting them. Viewpoint: Critics say regeneration should focus on people, not just property. Supporters argue it's essential to attract investment to improve rundown areas.

Answer 58

Post-riot areas were often earmarked for rapid regeneration, which intensified fears of displacement: Rising rents and property prices in regenerated areas priced out long-term residents. Some saw the riots as an expression of anger against being left behind or pushed out. Example: In Tottenham, new housing developments were introduced quickly after the riots. Some locals felt these were more about changing the image of the area than addressing root causes of unrest.

Answer 59

Lack of Community Involvement in Planning Many regeneration strategies were top-down, with little community consultation: Decisions were made by local councils, developers, and central government. Communities often had no say in what was built or how money was spent. Viewpoint: Critics advocate for participatory regeneration, where residents help shape their neighborhoods. Others argue that efficiency and investment require a more centralised approach.

Answer 60

Mismatch Between Regeneration and Social Needs Regeneration often focused on infrastructure, housing, and commercial development, rather than youth services, education, and employment — all key issues linked to the riots. Many youth clubs, community centers, and job programs had been cut before the riots. Regeneration did not always rebuild this social infrastructure. Alternative view: A holistic regeneration strategy should include social programs, not just physical redevelopment.

Answer 61

August 2011- four nights of destruction involving 15k rioters, mainly concentrated in London+ also elsewhere (Birmingham etc)

Answer 62

- 5 deaths - over 2k arrests - £500 million of damage to property

Answer 63

Criticised 'state multiculturalism' in a speech in 2011 on radicalisation and the causes of terrorism.

Answer 64

1) Boris Johnson, London's Mayor blamed poor education standards. 2) Lack of family guidance, specifically father role models, and lack of social responsibility. -3) An excessive consumerist society and general moral decay - has England become a sick society? 4) Social deprivation, involving poverty seen as important, however, it was not just uneducated, low- skilled white lower- class ('chavs') rioting but also educated richer youths 5) Recent changes in government policy e.g. the end of the Future Jobs Fund, EMA and rise in university student fees have affected many young people, especially from deprived communities. 6) unusually warm summer, more people out in public areas

Answer 65

the aftermath of the riots, for not reflecting the racial diversity of London: 32,000 officers, only 868 are black.

Answer 66

Mark Duggan, a 29-year-old Black man, was shot and killed by police in Tottenham during an operation targeting gun crime. * Conflicting reports about whether Duggan was armed and the lack of immediate police communication sparked anger, leading to protests outside Tottenham police station. * These protests escalated into violence, spreading to other parts of London, including Croydon, on August 8.

EQ2 Regeneration Flashcards

(93 cards)