EQ1 MIS Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
china’s pull towards rural
A
- The Hukou internal passport system means that if a person leaves a rural area they forfeit their social benefits such as education and healthcare.
- Some families are forced to separate. In some cases both parents leave to work in cities and are unable to return, creating a generation of children left behind.
2
Q
how many children are separated from their parents due to the hukou system?
A
an estimated 62 million children are separated from their parents, staying behind in rural communities in China.
3
Q
Whats the frequency of reunions due to the hukou system?
A
The frequency of reunions between children and their parents is depressingly low; the most fortunate are the 30 percent of children who see their parents on an annual basis when they come home to visit them. The remainder go even longer between meetings.
4
Q
How does the separation from the hukou system lead to negative impacts on children and their growth?
A
This separation puts a significant strain on relationships, parent well-being, and children’s development. Those who have to care for left-behind children, commonly grandparents, may not have the physical ability, financial means, or knowledge required to raise left-behind children adequately. Studies have shown that left-behind children have increased vulnerability to becoming a victim of human trafficking, suffer a much higher likelihood of being involved in criminality, and suffer a higher rate of depression than other children.
5
Q
China’s push away from urban migration
A
- without urban registration documents, rural migrant workers are excluded from urban jobs.
Migrant workers living in urban areas will commonly live in makeshift dormitories in buildings, eventually scheduled for demolition.
Due to the hukou system, families that move to cities are often forced to live without the basic services and are denied access to the vast amount of resources available in cities.
6
Q
China’s push away from rural migration
A
Rural children are subjected to deteriorating buildings, poor materials and substandard education.
In rural areas, medical clinics are few and far between a substandard level of care.
Remote areas can be cut off without paved roads and poor markets.
A deficit of jobs in rural areas means that there are very few jobs besides farming available (primary industry, low income).
7
Q
China’s Pull towards urban migration
A
urban students attend state of the arts schools and learn from teachers.
urban areas potentially offer greater job opportunities and higher salaries (ie in service industry)
most of the 362 million people living in china on less than $2 per day are from rural areas
8
Q
where are the majority of people living in china who earn less than $2 a day from?
A
rural areas
9
Q
influence of environmental change on migration
A
climate change is already causing refugees to leave regions where agriculture is threatened.
Syria’s refugee crisis has in part been attributed to desertification.
Rising sea levels in Tuvalu- 2000 to 2001
10
Q
evaluation of importance of environmental change on migration
A
climate change acts to intensify rural poverty in some countries
migrants who might have previously been classed as economic migrants now become refugees, due to an increasingly hostile environment.
11
Q
influence of economics on migration
A
The global financial crisis of 2007/8 had an unprecedented effect on migration;
for the first time since 1945, world GDP shrank
net migration from Poland fell to its lowest level since the 1950s.
12
Q
evaluation of importance of economic influence on migration:
A
The realisation that globalisation had a reverse gear means future projections for global migration and urbanisation should be treated with caution.
Economic systems can be unstable.
13
Q
Influence of political events on migration
A
New conflicts can unexpectedly trigger or diversify global migration flows.
On many occasions since WWII, political regime changes have prompted ethnic groups to move states.
14
Q
Evaluation of importance of political influence on migration
A
In parts of North Africa, central Africa and the Middle East, political factors are now a more important influence on migration than globalisation.
12 million people have been displaced by Syria’s war
15
Q
How many people have been displaced by Syria’s war?
A
Over 12 million people
Example of political influence on migration.
16
Q
What is happening to Japan’s population?
A
Population is falling, 27% are aged 65+
17
Q
how much is japan’s working age population expected to fall by 2037?
A
Fall by 44 million by 2037- half the size it was tin 2007
18
Q
What percentage of the Japanese population are immigrants? Why is this bad?
A
only 1.7% immigrants, whereas the IMF research shows that advanced economies typically average 5%
19
Q
what does the UN suggest that Japan needs by 2050?
A
17 million migrants by 2050 to maintain its population at 2007 levels.
20
Q
Why aren’t people migrating to Japan?
A
Part of the problem is language, unlike English, Japanese is not a global business language.,
Japan also has a had a closed-door policy to immigration despite concerns about its ageing population- however they’re slowly becoming more open door due to labour shortages.
21
Q
What are Japan’s demographic challenges characterised by?
A
A rapidly ageing population and low birth rates.
22
Q
In 2023, how many births were there in Japan compared to deaths? What was the result of this?
A
730k recorded births, vs 1.58 million deaths, resulting in a natural population decrease of about 850k people
23
Q
What has the median age in Japan risen to and what does this indicate?
A
49.8 years, indicating a significant proportion of elderly individuals within the population
24
Q
What have the Japanese government done in response to concerning demographic trends?
A
The Japanese government have allocated 5.3 trillion yen (approx $34 billion) in 2024 to incentivise childbirth, focusing on childcare and education subsides. However, experts note that these measures primarily support married couples and may not fully address the concerns of young individuals who are hesitant to marry.
25
What do projections suggest Japan's population could decrease to by 2070?
If current trends continue, Japan's population could decrease by 30% to 87 million by 2070, with 40% of the population being 65 or older.
26
Limited work visa programmes in Japan
- why do these exist
- downside of visa
Japan has expanded its specific skilled worker (SSW) visa programmes to attract foreign workers in industries facing labour shortages, such as; healthcare, construction and agriculture. However these programmes are highly regulated and often temporary
27
Limited refugee acceptance in Japan
- how many people did they grant asylum to in 2023 in relativity to the amount of applicants?
- what are most humanitarian visa approvals based on?
Japan has one off the lowest refugee acceptance rates among developed nations. In 2023, Japan granted asylum to only about 200/1000s of applicants.
Most humanitarian visas approvals are based on special circumstances rather than traditional asylum criteria.
28
Guest work and technical intern programmes in Japan:
- why does Japan rely on these (TITP)?
- why have they been criticised
Japan has relied on TITPS to bring in foreign workers, mainly from South east Asia.
However this programmes have been criticised for labour rights abuses and low wages.
29
Tight pathways to permanent residency and citizenship in Japan:
- is it easy to obtain
- why does previous countries's citizenship have to be renounced.
Japan does not have a traditional 'immigration' system like Western countries do.
Permanent residency is difficult to obtain, often requiring long-term residence (typically 10 years, with some exceptions).
Citizenship is rare and requires applicants to renounce their previous citizenship ship, as Japan does not allow dual nationality?
30
Has Japan historically had strict policies on immigration?
Yes, very strict politcies on immigration, even thought its been very involved in the global economy
31
Why is is hard for migrants to get a job or stay in Japan for a prolonged period of time?
The immigration control and refugee recognition act made it very difficult for international migrants to move or get jobs there, or to stay in the country for longer than a few years.
32
what changes did Japan make to the immigration control and refugee recognition act in June 2023?
- what does the show a balance of?
In June 2023, significant amendments were enacted to this law. One notable change permits the government to deport asylum seekers who apply for refugee status more than twice, a move that has raised concerns among human rights organizations about potential obstacles for those seeking refuge in Japan. Additionally, the revised law introduces a system of "supervisory measures," allowing certain asylum seekers to live outside detention facilities under the supervision of approved supporters, aiming to address issues related to prolonged detentions.
These amendments reflect Japan's ongoing efforts to reform its immigration control system while balancing humanitarian considerations.
33
In 2017, what percentage of the Japanese population didn't have Japanese nationality?
in 2017, only 2.1% of the population didnt have Japanese nationality
34
What has Japan recently done due to concerns over its ageing population and labour shortages?
It's loosened some of the restrictions on immigration to allow more people of working age, especially skilled workers in certain sectors like construction, healthcare and farming, to enter the country.
35
Breakdown of nationality percentages in Japan:
Japanese, Chinese, Korean, filipino
japanese- 97.9%
Chinese -0.6%
Korean- 0.4%
filipino- 1.1%
36
what is the future outlook of migration to Japan?
While Japan is slowly opening up to more foreign workers, it is unlikely to adopt large-scale migration policies like those seen in Europe or North America.
Instead, Japan is likely to continue expanding short-term work visas and creating specialised programs to meet labour demands, without significantly altering its demographic makeup.
Ultimately, only cares about its needs as a country, wants to protect national sovereignty and identity.
37
negatives of japans migration policies: labour shortages and economic decline
- explain
- how much is japan's workforce expected to decline from 2022-2040 (percentage)?
- how many workers will the country lack by 2040 if continue at this rate?
Japan's workforce is shrinking rapidly, with more people retiring than entering the labor market.
Key industries, such as elderly care, construction and agriculture struggle to find workers, slowing economic growth.
And Japan's labour force is expected to continue to decline by 12% from 2022 to 2040, by which time it is estimated that the country will lack 11 million workers .
38
negatives of Japan migration policies; declining global competitiveness
Many developed nations use migration to boost innovation and entrepreneurship, but Japan risks falling behind by limiting foreign talent.
companies struggle to attract high-skilled professionals as Japan's work culture and strict immigration rules make it less-appealing compared to the US or Europe.
39
negatives of Japan migration policies; exploitation of foreign workers in temporary programs
Japans TITP brings in foreign workers, but they often face low wages, poor working conditions and abuse.
Rather than true immigration, these programs act as temporary labor solutions without long-term integration.
40
positives of Japan migration policies; cultural and social stability
- social cohesion
Japan has maintained a strong national identity, with minimal cultural conflicts due to limited migration.
Social cohesion remains high, as the population shares a common language, traditions and values.
41
positives of Japan migration policies; reduced risk of social strain
- integration difficulties
Many countries with high immigration experience challenges with integration (e.g Germany with turks), housing shortages and social services pressure- issues that Japan has largely avoided.
Crime rates remain low, and there is little political division over immigration, unlike in western countries.
42
positives of Japan migration policies; encouragement of automation and innovation
- tech advancements
Faced with labor shortages, Japan has prioritised robotics, AI and automation in industries like manufacturing, healthcare and retail, instead of relying on migrant labor.
This has helped Japan remain a global leader in technological advancement.
43
Is Japan an open or closed door nation?
Japan is traditionally a closed-door country on migration, but has recently begun opening uo due to labor shortages and an ageing population.
It has introduced new visa programs to attract foreign workers, especially I industries facing labor shortages.
However, permanent residency and citizenship remain difficult to obtain, making japan's migration policy controlled and selective rather than fully open such as the UK (western).
44
What does Australia's 2024 population pyramid reflect?
A nation with a relatively young demographic profile, through it is gradually ageing.
45
what was Australia's estimated resident population in 2024? How much did this increase from the previous year?
As of June 30th 2024, the estimated resident population was 27.2 million.
This marked a 2.1% increase from the previous years (2023).
46
What was the age distribution like in the 2024 Australia population pyramid? What does this indicate?
- children
- working adults
- seniors
- Children and adolescents (0-14 years); this groups compromises approx 18% of the population, indicating a stable base in the pyramid.
- Working adults (15-64); representing about 65% of population, this segment forms the broadest part of the pyramid, highlighting a robust labour force.
- Seniors (65+); around 17%, a proportion that has been steadily increasing, due to higher life expectancy and lower fertility rates.
47
what benefits and disadvantages does Australia's population demographic present?
The ageing population presents challenges, including increased demand for healthcare services and aged care facilities. Conversely, the substantial working-age population supports economic productivity and growth.
Strategic planning is essential to address the needs of an ageing society while leveraging the benefits of a youthful workforce.
48
What does Australia's 2024 median age reflect?
As of 2024, the median age was approx 38 years old.
This reflects a steady increase from 29.4 years old in 1950, indicating an ageing population (minor).
49
How many decades has Australia's immigration policy been skills-based for?
4 decades.
50
what % of immigrants are accepted based on skills shortages? Where do immigrants tend to live?
70% of immigrants are accepted based on skills shortages where there are insufficient Australian workers (e.g in medicine and engineering). Almost all immigrants live in big cities - e.g like Melbourne.
51
what % do immigrants contribute to Australia's GDP compared to non-immigrants?
Rather than being an economic problem, Australia's immigrants each contribute 10% more per capita to Australia's GDP each year than non-immigrants.
52
Between 2015 and 2050, how much are skilled immigrants expected to add to Australia's GDP?
US $1.2 trillion
53
How are immigrants beneficial demographically in Australia?
Australia's median age is 38, however migrants tend to be younger. 88% are under 40 (compared to 54% of resident Australians) and 50% are aged 20-34 (contrasting the 20% of resident Australians).
Due to the ageing population, migrants offset the numbers due to retire, which would otherwise place increasing pressure on the costs of medical and social care (as evident in Japan).
54
temporary migration and working visas in Australia
temporary visas- such as the temporary skill shortage visa- allow skilled workers to stay for a limited period.
Australia also offers working holiday visas, for young travellers who wish to work whilst visiting.
55
Humanitarian and refugee program in Australia
How can refugees apply for these?
Australia has a strict but structured refugee program, accepting a limited number of refugees under its humanitarian intake.
Refugees can apply under the offshore resettlement program or through onshore asylum claims (if they arrive in Australia).
56
Border protection and Asylum seekers in Australia
what happens to unauthorised arrivals?
Australia has a string border security stance, particularly against unauthorised boat arrivals.
Under operation sovereign borders, unauthorised maritime arrivals are turned back or sent to offshore detention centres (e.g, Nauru, Papua New Guinea).
The government argues this policy deters dangerous boat journeys and reduces human trafficking.
57
recent developments and trends in Australia's migration
Australia has been adjusting its migration policies in response to labour shortages and economic needs.
There are ongoing discussions about increasing skilled migration to address workforce gaps, especially in sectors like healthcare and construction.
The government is also reviewing international student visa policies to ensure students contribute to the economy.
58
what type of approach does Australia have to migration?
Australia has a structured but strict approach to migration, balancing economic needs, humanitarian commitments and border security. The country prioritises skilled migration to boost its workforce, while also allowing reunification and humanitarian resettlement for refugees.
59
what happens to unauthorised arrivals in Australia?
Australia enforced strong border protection policies, including offshore detention for unauthorised arrivals, to deter irregular migration.
60
what do recent trends in Australia's migration(to) highlight?
Recent trends indicate a focus on increasing skilled migration to address labour shortages, while tightening rules for temporary and student visas.
61
what's the aim of Australias migration policy?
Overall, Australia's migration policy aims to support economic growth while maintaining national security and orderly migration.
62
positives of Australia migration policy- economic growth and skilled workforce
the skilled migration program helps fill labor shortages in key industries like healthcare, construction and technology.
Migrants contribute to tax revenue and economic growth.
63
positives of Australia migration policy- strong border security
strict border policies, like operation sovereign borders, have significantly reduced illegal boat arrivals and human trafficking. This approach prevents dangerous sea journeys and deaths at sea.
64
positives of Australia migration policy- pathway to permanent residency and citizenship
Skilled workers, students and family migrants have clear routes to permanent residency and citizenship, encouraging long-term contributions to society.
65
Negatives of Australia migration policy- harsh treatment of asylum seekers.
Offshore detention centres in places like Nauru and Papua New Guinea have been widely criticised for human rights abuses and poor conditions.
Long processing times leave asylum seekers in limbo for years.
66
Negatives of Australia migration policy- expensive and complex visa process
Australia's visa system is one of the most expensive and complex in the world, making it difficult for skilled migrants and families to navigate.
Strict requirements make it hard for some businesses to sponsor workers.
67
Negatives of Australia migration policy- Impact on housing and infrastructure
High migration levels contribute to rising housing prices and increased demand for infrastructure in major cities.
Some argue migration policies need better urban planning to prevent congestion and affordability issues.
68
Is Australia open or closed door?
An open-door country, but with strict regulations and selective migration policies.
69
What is Australia's immigration system designed to do?
Boost the economy, fill skill shortages and maintain national security.
70
what does Singapore's 2024 population pyramid structure reflect?
A mature demographics profile, characterised by a narrowing base and a broadening apex (middle).
This structure indicates lower birth rates and an increasing proportion of elderly individuals.
71
How much does the working age population constitute to Australia's total population?
(15-64), approx 74.1% of the total population.
72
How much does the elderly population constitute to Australia's total population?
(65+), approx 14.2%
73
How much does the youth population constitute to Australia's total population?
(0-14), approx 11.7%
74
what are the 3 key observations of Singapore's 2024 population pyramid? What effect do these have?
Ageing population- the significant proportion off elderly individuals suggest that Singapore is experiencing an aging population, which may lead to increased demand for healthcare services, pensions and retirement support.
Declining birth rates- the narrowing base of the pyramid indicates lower birth rates, which could result in a shrinking workforce in the future and hence economic decline.
Potential economic implications- with a higher dependancy ratio, there may be increased pressure on the working-age population to support the non-working segments, potentially impacting economic growth and social services.
75
what may Singapore need to consider in response to demographic trends?
policies that encourage higher birth rates, support healthy ageing, and possibly adjust immigration policies to maintain social stability and protect locals jobs.
76
What approach does Singapore have to migration?
A pragmatic and controlled approach, balancing economic needs with social integration. The government relies on foreign workers and professionals to support its economy, but also enforces strict immigration policies to maintain social stability and protect locals jobs.
77
skilled pros and employment pass (EP)- migration to Singapore
Singapore attracts highly skilled professionals in finance, technology, healthcare and engineering throughout the EP system.
Complementary assessment framework (COMPASS) introduced in 2023 ensures foreign pros complement local workers rather than replace them.
78
low-skilled workers (work permit holders)- migration to Singapore
Low skilled migrant workers support industries such as construction, domestic work and shipbuilding.
These workers have no pathway to permanent residency or citizenship and are subject to strict employment conditions.
79
Tensions over foreign talent vs local jobs in Singapore
There is public concern that too many foreign workers compete with locals for jobs and housing. However policies like COMPASS aim to ensure that foreigners complement, rather than displace, Singaporean workers.
80
dependancy ratio ceilings (DRC) and levies- Singapore migration
How do these encourage the employment of locals?
Singapore imposes strict quotas on the number of foreign workers companies can hire.
Companies must pay higher foreign worker levies for low-skilled labor to encourage hiring locals.
81
Is Singapore open or closed door to migration?
Singapore it not completely closed to migration, but it maintains strict regulations to balance economic growth, social stability and local workforce protection.
82
How does Singapore differentiate from fully closed-door countries?
Singapore welcomes skilled professionals, investors, and essential foreign workers, but it imposes strong restrictions on low-skilled labor citizenship pathways.
83
What are the positives of Singapore's migration policy?
- Social stability and workforce protection
- clear and structured migration system
- Adaptability to demographic change
maintain social stability and workforce protection- foreign worker levies and quotas ensure local workers remain prioritised for jobs. Programs like the fair consideration framework (FCF) require companies to advertise jobs to locals before hiring foreigners.
Clear and structured migration system- the immigration system is transparent and well-regulated, reducing illegal migration. Different visa categories ensure only those who contribute to the economy are admitted.
Adaptability to demographic change- Singapore's ageing population means foreign workers help sustain the economy and healthcare sector. Selective immigration enables skilled PR applicants to help balance the declining birth rate.
84
What are the 6 main causes of international migration?
Voluntary Economic Migration → People relocate to try to improve their wealth and quality of life.
● Often, an economic migrant’s family may follow them in the aim of joining their family.
● Refugees → People forced to relocate due to war, conflict, persecution.
● Asylum seekers →People fleeing for international protection.
● Environmental Refugees → People specifically relocating due to tectonic disaster,
natural events (wildfires, flooding) or Climate Change’s impacts (desertification, sea
level rise, etc.)
● International Students - Within recent years, there has been a large increase in the volume of young people migrating to study elsewhere.
85
Why will the flows of international migration continue to change over time?
The flows of international migration will continue to change over time, as environmental,
political and economic events occur and a country’s development improves or declines.
86
How many people have died in the past 3 years trying to cross the mediterranean?
Over 10,000 people
87
what charities operate for the mediteanean crisis?
what type of strategies are these?
MOAS- charity, migrant offshore aid service
Red Cross- for medical care
Bottom- up strategies , NGOs- no government involved
88
How may people ca be rescued/ die each day (mediterranean crisis)? MOAS
Up to 70k people for both saving and dying.
89
what country is the gateway to Europe?
Libya - people migrate there first before travelling across the sea to Malta.
Libyan coast guards unable to stop mass volume of people leaving
90
what's the negatives of people migrating across the Mediterranean to Europe?
- many wont get asylum as aren't escaping war and persecution, just poverty- hence have no legal rights in Europe
- Usually severely hydrated- require intense medical attention
- Usually chaotic and out of control, especially at night, if too many people stand up it will capsize and many drown- all desperate to get off onto MOAS boats.
- Gallons of fuel from dingy in the water- people swallow this when it capsizes.
- Illegal, no passport/visa, through people smugglers, have a dream for a better quality of life that may not come true.
91
When did illegal migration to Europe first begin to grow noticeably?
in 2006
92
How many people estimated to have attempted the Mediterranean crossing in 2016
1 milllion
93
impact of vast number of asylum seekers in the Uk from across the Mediterranean?
Mediterranean migrants are now a diverse group of people.
94
Asylum applications in the EU 1990-2011
- massive increase in 2015 then an equal decrease in 2016/17
- countries not letting people in, borders shut off- rapid decrease
- economic migrants being unable to see asylum.
95
What does 'economic theory' suggest about migration?
Economic Theory suggests that governments will maximise ‘economic efficiency’ - a productive workforce and a developed financial market - if they allow the free movement of goods, capital and labour.
96
Why do some countries not agree with the economic theory?
They fear they’ll lose their national identity through unrestricted flows. Therefore flows aren’t fully unrestricted on a global scale.
97
How can migration be a threat to national culture?
( reasons against economic theory)
National Culture - Migration usually leads to changes in the ethnic composition of areas. Some countries believe that changes to their ethnic or cultural composition may lead to cultural diffusion, which could lead to the loss of their national culture or historical demography.
98
How can migration be a threat to employment?
( reasons against economic theory)
Employment - Some governments may encourage migrants to fill skills gaps or improve economic activity. However, especially in areas with high unemployment rates, locals may blame immigrants for the loss of job opportunities in their area.
99
How can migration be a threat to national security?
( reasons against economic theory)
National Security - Recent events (such as terror attacks on major cities and the so-called War on Terror) has caused political controversy regarding national security. Many people fear that freely allowing migrants to enter their country could pose a security risk.
Views such as these have been exacerbated by some media outlets and politicians. The backlash against unregulated migration has lead to changes within politics such as the election of Donald Trump, the rise of extreme right-wing political parties and Brexit.
100
Advantages of free movement of labour (4)
1) Business profits increase due to a fall in wages - businesses have a choice of who to employ
2) Highly skilled workers are in demand and command higher wages
3) Trickle down wealth from core regions to the peripheries - branch offices and factories
4)People have a choice of where to work and live
101
Negatives of free movement of labour (4)
1) Increased competition for jobs and many people have multiple jobs in order to survive
2) Businesses lose profits when having to pay higher wages to skilled employees
3) Changing economic activity and loss of income or unemployment
4) Loss of talent - 'brain drain'
102
What's an example of unrestricted regional labour movement?
North- South migration in the UK.
This is to ensure efficient allocation of resources
103
How does unrestricted labour movement in the Uk ensure efficient allocation of resources ? (3)
Reduces unemployment: Workers in areas with fewer job opportunities can relocate or shift sectors to find work, reducing regional or structural unemployment.
Better job matching: Labour mobility improves the likelihood that workers are in jobs that suit their abilities, which increases output and job satisfaction.
Adaptation to economic changes: As industries grow or shrink due to market forces or technology, labour can shift accordingly, helping the economy adapt.
104
How did being part of the EU benefit the Uk ?
(unrestricted labour movement ensuring efficient allocation of resources).
Before Brexit, the UK's membership in the EU allowed free movement of labour across EU countries, contributing to labour flexibility, especially in sectors like hospitality, agriculture, and healthcare.
Post-Brexit, tighter immigration rules have restricted some of that flexibility, impacting how efficiently labour can be allocated in the economy.
105
When was the Schengen agreement created and what does it enable?
The Schengen Agreement is a treaty that was signed in the village of Schengen in Luxembourg in 1985 between five of the ten member countries of the then European Economic Community (EEC).
The treaty created a single set of rules governing the movement of people within the signatory countries, allowing for the free movement of citizens between those countries without the need for passport controls.
106
How many countries are now part of the Schengen agreement ?
What non- EU countries are members?
The agreement has since been expanded to include most of the countries of the European Union (EU), as well as a few non-EU countries. Currently, 27 countries are party to the Schengen Agreement, including most of the EU member states, as well as a few non-EU countries such as Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland.
107
what is the Schengen agreement a symbol of ? how?
The Schengen Agreement has had a significant impact on the free movement of people within Europe and is seen as an important symbol of European integration.
108
Why is the Schengen agreement a subject of controversy (1)?
Some argue that it has contributed to the problem of illegal immigration and has made it more difficult to protect the EU's external borders.
109
Benefits of the Schengen agreement (3)
- How many people can travel freely?
- in 2009, how much of the market share came from Chinese tourists and what did David Cameron want to do about this ?
1) Allows over 400 million people to travel freely between member countries without going through border controls.
2) Promotes trade and integration between different nationalities.
3) Encourages tourism from emerging markets- such as China and India.
e.g- In 2009, 0.5% of the market share of Chinese tourists. David Cameron wanted to increase this to 2.5%- adding over half a billion pounds of spending to the economy and generating 10k jobs
110
Negatives of the Schengen agreement
- what happened in 2015?
- how many countries reintroduced internal border controls after this?
1) Gives easy access to cheaper labour- undercutting domestic workers an lowering wages
2) Allowing the movement of criminals and terrorists.
e.g - Paris 2015 terrorist attacks- have prompted a re-think about the movement.
2016- 6 countries reintroduced internal border controls.
111
Why do environmental events contribute to the ongoing changing pattern of international migration?
- Climate change is already causing refugees to leave regions where agriculture is threatened (e.g sub-saharan Africa).
- Syria's refugee crisis has part been attributed to Desertification.
- Climate change acts to intensify rural poverty in some countries.
- Movers who might previously have beeb classed as economic migrants become refugees, due to increasingly hostile environments.
112
Why do economic events contribute to the ongoing changing pattern of international migration?
- The global financial crisis of 2007/8 had an unprecedented effect on migration.
- for the first time since 1945, world GDP shrank
- Net migration from Poland fell to its lowest level since the 1950s.
The realisation that globalisation has a reverse gear means future projections for global migration and urbanisation should be treated with caution.
- economic systems can be unstable
113
Why do political events contribute to the ongoing changing pattern of international migration?
- how many people have been displaced by Syria's war?
New conflicts can unexpectedly trigger or diversify global migration flows.
- on many occasions since WWII, political regime changes have prompted ethnic groups to flee states.
- In parts of North Africa, central Africa and the Middle East, political factors are now a more important influence on migration than globalisation.
- 12 million have been displaced by Syria's war
114
Why does migration cause political tensions?
Migration causes political tensions because of differences in perceptions of the social, economic, cultural and demographic impacts.
115
How much of the world's population lives outside their country of birth?
- what type of migrants are the majority of these people?
About 3%, 272 million
2/3 are economic migrants
116
Why do few countries support or want a large influx of outsiders? (5)
1) Immigrants will vote for parties' centre or left and not to the right as these tend to be against migration
2) Immigrants will head for economic core regions and to inner city regions and can impact on voting patterns
3) When immigrant groups reach a certain size and standing, they begin to develop their own politicians instead of people from the host society
4) High levels of migration into one country can lead to political tension - Mexico/US. Whilst developing countries look more favourably on international migrants
5) Environmental issues are based on the premise that migrants put excessive strain on environmental systems, but others feel this is a way of curtailing immigration
117
What is th most well known example of political tensions due to migration?
The Mexico- Us border
118
How many new arrivals in the Us between 1900-1920
- what were introduced as a consequence of this?
Between 1900 and 1920 24 million new arrivals were registered due to the 'open door' policy of that time
Subsequently, migration restrictions have been introduced, with the US Green Card becoming harder to obtain
119
Why have outward migration of Mexicans from the US been higher than inward in recent years?
Due in part to increased immigration enforcement and to a strengthening Mexican economy. In recent years, the number of Mexicans leaving the United States is greater than inward migration, even though the country remains the top destination for Mexican emigrants.
120
When did Mexico stop being the top country of origin to the United States and who overtook them? (2 countries)
Since 2013, Mexico stopped being the top country of origin to the United States, overtaken by India and China.
121
Losses for Mexico as of Outward migration to the US: (5)
1) large scale depopulation of towns and villages
2) Many men migrate, leaving a majority of women who have problems finding marriage partners
3) Migration can break up families
4) Young people tend to migrate/ the working population, leaving the old and very young dependents behind
5) Rural areas of Mexico have shortages of economically active people and lack key workers – Drs, teachers etc.
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Benefits for Mexico as of outward migration to the US: (2)
1) migrants send home remittances- Remittances can then support a better standard of living for those left behind- Builds better housing, healthcare and education.
2) Less competition for jobs and housing in Mexico
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Losses for the US as of Inward migration of Mexicans: (5)
- how much did the USA spend on border security in 2020?
1) Unskilled American workers find it harder to get jobs, as they want a higher wage than Mexican migrants
2) Wages are kept low, and all-American workers are affected
3) Increased cultural and racial tension, especially in the towns
4) Illegal migration is seen as a drain on the American economy – border patrol costs, holding centres, prisons, transport costs for repatriation, health care and social service demands (education) etc.
5) The USA spent $4.2 billion on US/Mexico border security in 2020
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Benefits for the US as of inward migration of Mexicans: ( 5)
- what is California also known as ? (cultural diffusion impact)
- how much of the US GDP do Mexicans contribute ?
1) Businesses have benefitted as they now have a source of cheap labour and higher profits
2) Mexicans are prepared to do many of the jobs that Americans do not want such as fruit picking or factory work
3) Large numbers of Mexicans have brought their culture and food with them making Mexican food very popular in California (Mexifornia)
4) More competition for jobs and housing in USA, benefitting landlords and businesses
5) Mexican immigrants contribute approximately 4% to the US's GDP
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Define cultural Assimilation
The process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assume the values, behaviours, and beliefs of another group whether fully or partially
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What factors influence the rate of cultural Assimilation?
- Bi-cultural marriages
- average wages
- how heavily they rely on social security benefits
- quality of housing
- ability to find. job
- success/ level go education
- Average speed at which they learn the national language
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Problems associated with lack of integration:
How long do foreigners remain strangers for in Germany?
foreigners who live in Germany remain strangers even after 50 years
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Problems associated with lack of integration:
How much money does failed immigration cost Germany per year?
16 billion euros- due to immigrant being unable to find jobs and being poorly educated
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Problems associated with lack of integration:
In Germany, what migrants have the highest rate of unemployment ?
Turks
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Problems associated with lack of integration:
What % of Turkish immigrants ti Germany dont have a school leading certificate?
30% of Turkish immigrants and their children don't have a school leaving certificate.
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Problems associated with lack of integration:
Personal national identity
hard for immigrants from outside the EU to get dual citizenship, have to decide between 18-23 which nationality to keep.
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Problems associated with lack of integration:
Negative multiplier effect of German open door policy
Germany open door policy- poor integration-poor education- unable to find jobs - state has to support them- reduction in available money that could be spent elsewhere- opportunities to socialise reduced- even poorer integration
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Problems associated with lack of integration:
What % of Turkish immigrant children are unable to read?
2/3
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Problems associated with lack of integration:
How do language barriers reduce integration? (negative multiplier effect)
Poor integration- parents poorly educated- harder to learn the national language- children struggle to learn language- communicating with nationals is hard/avoided- greater lack if integration (negative multiplier effect )
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Define ethnicity
A social group identified into a culture, religion, language or similar
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Define Culture
The ideas, beliefs, customs and social behaviour of a group or society
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Define ethnic segregation
the voluntary or enforced separation of people of different cultures or nationalities.
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Define Apartheid
- When was this policy used in South Africa?
The enforced segregation of people by skin colour of ethnicity.
This policy was used in South Africa between 1948-1991
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Define Enclave
A proportion of territory surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct
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cultural Assimilation in Britain:
What does the British Nationality act enable?
when was it created?
*British Nationality Act 1948 gave citizens of the UK and Colonies status and the right of settlement in the UK- No paperwork
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cultural Assimilation in Britain:
What happened I terms of labour after the war?
How many people moved from the Caribbean to Britain from 1948-1971?
*After the war the country was desperate for labour
*Nearly 500 000 people moved from the Caribbean to Britain from 1948-1971
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cultural Assimilation in Britain:
How were immigrants encouraged to work after the war?
- They were encouraged by adverts for work, their sense of patriotism, and some want to re-join the armed forces having fought for Britain during the war.
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How did the influx of postwar migration change British culture?
(music, sport and food)
music - Caribbean migrants brought reggae which influenced British artists, the Notting hill carnival
sport - more diversity due to migration
politics - post war migration led to the rise of anti racist and civil rights movements
food - curry, kebabs, uk's dish of chicken tikka masala is an example of cultural fusion, supermarkets have food from other countries
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Britain: assimilation successful or unsuccessful
- immigrants from Pakistan or Bangladesh assimilate into a British identity fast
* social consequences can lead to a culture clash
* all non white ethnic groups report lower levels of British identity - catholics from northern island specifically
* immigrants from poorer and less democratic countries assimilate faster into british identity
* successful cultural assimilation in the Uk - notting hill carnival
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What does the British nationality act enable for Commonwealth citizens?
The British Nationalities Act gives all Commonwealth citizens free entry into Britain.
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Why are there variations in the ability to migrate across national borders?
overall, what is it dependant on?
There are variations in the ability of people to migrate across national borders according to levels of skill and income; and opportunities, including the presence or absence of controls and international borders
Based on the idea of how attractive an immigrant is to a destination country
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What type of migration acceptance system to new Zealand and Australia operate?
- what must the immigrant prove
- who does this favour and why?
New Zealand and Australia, for example, operates a points-based system which admits those immigrants that have the skill set that the country’s economy currently requires.
Often the immigrant must also prove that they are able to support themselves financially for an initial period of time, until they have contributed enough to the country’s welfare system to receive support from it in times of need.
This obviously means that immigrants from an HDE have a better chance of migrating into that country, as they will have had more chance of acquiring the skills and experience than an economy like New Zealand’s requires
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What gives EU citizens a migration advantage over non-EU citizens?
In the Eu, the Schengen agreement means that unskilled workers can move to other EU countries freely and without hindrance.
This obviously gives them an advantage over potential immigrants from outside the EU area.
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Why do people from LICS struggle to migrate and what do they do to tackle this?
People from LDE nations' such as those in North Africa, may lack the financial resources or skills/levels of education that other more attractive economies may require
They then travel as unskilled workers, or they may travel illegally or try to claim refugee status. As a result, they can end up in camps like the ‘Jungle’ in Calais while they wait to get to the UK, or find themselves in situations where they are open to exploitation or illegal status where they risk deportation.
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What country has sponsored migration?
- how to migrants qualify and what do they require?
The USA- have more stringent immigration policies and potential migrants have to qualify by gaining a green card in a lottery or prove that they have a job offer before they go.
They also need to be sponsored by a US citizen or company, and be employed in a job that no other US citizen could reasonably undertake
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Why do some countries have little/no control over their borders? (3) (illegal migration)
1) Long borders, particularly coastlines e.g. Greece has a lot of islands
2) Conflict which reduces central government control over its country
3) International conflict which motivates people to migrate, which can create an underground market for trafficking - Ukraine/Russia conflict
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