EQ1 MIS Flashcards
(84 cards)
china’s pull towards rural
- The Hukou internal passport system means that if a person leaves a rural area they forfeit their social benefits such as education and healthcare.
- Some families are forced to separate. In some cases both parents leave to work in cities and are unable to return, creating a generation of children left behind.
how many children are separated from their parents due to the hukou system?
an estimated 62 million children are separated from their parents, staying behind in rural communities in China.
Whats the frequency of reunions due to the hukou system?
The frequency of reunions between children and their parents is depressingly low; the most fortunate are the 30 percent of children who see their parents on an annual basis when they come home to visit them. The remainder go even longer between meetings.
How does the separation from the hukou system lead to negative impacts on children and their growth?
This separation puts a significant strain on relationships, parent well-being, and children’s development. Those who have to care for left-behind children, commonly grandparents, may not have the physical ability, financial means, or knowledge required to raise left-behind children adequately. Studies have shown that left-behind children have increased vulnerability to becoming a victim of human trafficking, suffer a much higher likelihood of being involved in criminality, and suffer a higher rate of depression than other children.
China’s push away from urban migration
- without urban registration documents, rural migrant workers are excluded from urban jobs.
Migrant workers living in urban areas will commonly live in makeshift dormitories in buildings, eventually scheduled for demolition.
Due to the hukou system, families that move to cities are often forced to live without the basic services and are denied access to the vast amount of resources available in cities.
China’s push away from rural migration
Rural children are subjected to deteriorating buildings, poor materials and substandard education.
In rural areas, medical clinics are few and far between a substandard level of care.
Remote areas can be cut off without paved roads and poor markets.
A deficit of jobs in rural areas means that there are very few jobs besides farming available (primary industry, low income).
China’s Pull towards urban migration
urban students attend state of the arts schools and learn from teachers.
urban areas potentially offer greater job opportunities and higher samples (ie in service industry)
most of the 362 million people living in china on less than $2 per day are from rural areas
where are the majority of people living in china who earn less than $2 a day from?
rural areas
influence of environmental change on migration
climate change is already causing refugees to leave regions where agriculture is threatened.
Syria’s refugee crisis has in part been attributed to desertification.
Rising sea levels in Tuvalu- 2000 to 2001
evaluation of importance of environmental change on migration
climate change acts to intensify rural poverty in some countries
migrants who might have previously been classed as economic migrants now become refugees, due to an increasingly hostile environment.
influence of economics on migration
The global financial crisis of 2007/8 had an unprecedented effect on migration;
for the first time since 1945, world GDP shrank
net migration from Poland fell to its lowest level since the 1950s.
evaluation of importance of economic influence on migration:
The realisation that globalisation had a reverse gear means future projections for global migration and urbanisation should be treated with caution.
Economic systems can be unstable.
Influence of political events on migration
New conflicts can unexpectedly trigger or diversify global migration flows.
On many occasions since WWII, political regime changes have prompted ethnic groups to move states.
Evaluation of importance of political influence on migration
In parts of North Africa, central Africa and the Middle East, political factors are now a more important influence on migration than globalisation.
12 million people have been displaced by Syria’s war
How many people have been displaced by Syria’s war?
Over 12 million people
Example of political influence on migration.
What is happening to Japan’s population?
Population is falling, 27% are aged 65+
how much is japan’s working age population expected to fall by 2037?
Fall by 44 million by 2037- half the size it was tin 2007
What percentage of the Japanese population are immigrants? Why is this bad?
only 1.7% immigrants, whereas the IMF research shows that advanced economies typically average 5%
what does the UN suggest that Japan needs by 2050?
17 million migrants by 2050 to maintain its population at 2007 levels.
Why aren’t people migrating to Japan?
Part of the problem is language, unlike English, Japanese is not a global business language.,
Japan also has a had a closed-door policy to immigration despite concerns about its ageing population- however they’re slowly becoming more open door due to labour shortages.
What are Japan’s demographic challenges characterised by?
A rapidly ageing population and low birth rates.
In 2023, how many births were there in Japan compared to deaths? What was the result of this?
730k recorded births, vs 1.58 million deaths, resulting in a natural population decrease of about 850k people
What has the median age in Japan risen to and what does this indicate?
49.8 years, indicating a significant proportion of elderly individuals within the population
What have the Japanese government done in response to concerning demographic trends?
The Japanese government have allocated 5.3 trillion yen (approx $34 billion) in 2024 to incentivise childbirth, focusing on childcare and education subsides. However, experts note that these measures primarily support married couples and may not fully address the concerns of young individuals who are hesitant to marry.
