EQ3 Regeneration Flashcards
(74 cards)
positive impact of improving infrastructure
Improving transport infrastructure systems can help continue economic growth and also act as a catalyst for new development and regeneration. As relatively isolated areas become more accessible, they also become more attractive to businesses, which can create jobs.
* An increase in job opportunities means more people might move to these areas- leading to further economic growth
Why was HS2 built?
To encourage economic growth within the UK, national infrastructure investment has been used to improve accessibility and reduce the North-south divide
What is HS2?
HS2 is a new high-speed rail network that will connect London to Birmingham and then the north.
HS2 would link London to other major cities with a faster trainline, reducing travel times. It has been claimed that this will encourage wealth to spread away from London and the South East and help to balance the economies of the North and South of England. The project would also involve the electrification of minor rail lines in the North of England and the renovation and enlargement of the main stations on its route.
HS2 would link London to other major cities with a faster trainline, reducing travel times. It has been claimed that this will encourage wealth to spread away from London and the South East and help to balance the economies of the North and South of England. The project would also involve the electrification of minor rail lines in the North of England and the renovation and enlargement of the main stations on its route.
The effectiveness of HS2 (High Speed 2) in maintaining economic growth and improving accessibility to regenerate regions in the UK
Positive- Regional growth ambitions
Regional Growth Ambitions
Core aim: HS2 was designed to boost growth in the Midlands and North, countering the “North-South divide.”
Cities like Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds were expected to see increased investment, job creation, and economic development.
The effectiveness of HS2 (High Speed 2) in maintaining economic growth and improving accessibility to regenerate regions in the UK
Positive- Improved connectivity
Improved Connectivity
HS2 aims to reduce travel times between key cities (e.g. London-Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds), improving business efficiency and commuting options.
By freeing up capacity on existing lines, it also benefits smaller towns along traditional routes.
The effectiveness of HS2 (High Speed 2) in maintaining economic growth and improving accessibility to regenerate regions in the UK
Negative- Cost overruns and delays
Cost Overruns and Delays
The project has greatly exceeded initial budgets (now estimated at over £100 billion) and has faced significant delays.
Rising costs have led to major cuts, including the cancellation of the eastern leg to Leeds and the Birmingham-Manchester section.
The effectiveness of HS2 (High Speed 2) in maintaining economic growth and improving accessibility to regenerate regions in the UK
Negative- Accessibility issues
Accessibility Issues
With large parts scrapped or delayed, many regenerating regions (especially in the North and East Midlands) will not directly benefit from HS2 anymore.
Critics argue this undermines the project’s levelling up goals, concentrating benefits in already well-connected areas like Birmingham and London.
Where has HS2 already been a success`?
Will this success continue further North?
Some success: HS2 has already stimulated property investment and urban regeneration in areas like Curzon Street and Digbeth. (Birmingham)
However, the full economic impact depends on the line reaching further north, which is now uncertain.
How many jobs is the hs2 projected to create
22k
airport improvements enabling better access and contributing towards regeneration
- what has happened since the 1960s
- investment in regional airports example
- Since the 1960s the capacity of UK airports has been increased to cope with rising demand for air travel.
- Large airports, such as Heathrow, have been expanded, and there has also been investment in regional airports. A small airport first opened in Liverpool in 1933, but became commercially viable in 1997 when a private investment company funded its expansion. Now known as Liverpool John Lennon Airport, it handles over 5 million passengers a year and flies to over 70 destinations in the UK, Europe and North Africa.
How much has been spent to improve motorways and a roads in the UK?
£27 billion to improve the quality, capacity and safety of the motorways and major A roads, which were largely built in the 1960s and 70s
airport improvements enabling better access and contributing towards regeneration:
how much will the building of a third runway in Heathrow increase annual flights by?
- how much will it cost?
- wha type go funding?
The expansion and upgrade of Heathrow Airport
Building a third runway to increase flight capacity by 260,000 flights per year
Terminals 1 and 3 would be demolished, and terminals 2 and 5 would be expanded over 30 years
It is expected to cost just under £20 billion, which would be privately funded.
airport improvements enabling better access and contributing towards regeneration:
- who are in favour, why?
Business leaders are in favour of the expansion, which could boost the wider economy by £61 billion and create an additional 77,000 jobs.
airport improvements enabling better access and contributing towards regeneration:
- who are against, why?
Local residents and environmental NGOs oppose the project as 761 homes will be demolished and pollution will increase with the extra flights
The expansion project is currently paused due to the pandemic, inflation and the Government’s commitments to reducing the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions.
How can planning laws affect the rate snd type of regeneration?
example: Manghull, North Liverpool conflict
- Both local and national governments have regulations in place which can affect regeneration.
Some planning laws impact the degree of development that can take place. - Green Belt land is undeveloped land that surrounds urban settlements. Green Belts prevented the outward spread of these settlements and have made inner-city areas become more densely populated.
This land is usually farmland, but there have been instances where authorities have reclassified
Green Belt land and have lifted restrictions in order to allow developments to take place. - For example, a decision to build new homes on Green Belt land in Maghull, north Liverpool was unpopular among local residents. It highlighted the conflict between conserving land and building new homes in the UK.
How does housing affordability affect the rate and type of regeneration?
example: Shetland
- Planning permission for new developments can often only go ahead if authorities set aside a proportion of the homes as ‘affordable’ (suitable for households with lower than average incomes).
- Sometimes there may also be requirements that developers’ plans include improvements to local infrastructure or investment in local facilities. This is known as ‘planning gain’.
- In Shetland, the local authority was criticised when only 16 out of 62 new homes built in 2018-19 were affordable, despite the new homes being built to attract younger, working people to Shetland.
- A lack of new homes may mean that skilled workers are unable to move into an area.
This means the economic growth and regeneration of an area may slow down.
How do housing- building targets affect the rat and type of regeneration?
- between 2015 and 2019, how much did local authorities miss targets by (number of houses)+ impact of this?
- There are many reasons why there is a shortage of homes in the UK — e.g. more people living alone, people living longer, and historically high levels of immigration into the country mean that in many areas, and particularly in the South East of England, there is a need to build more housing.
- The National Planning Policy Framework for England set out the target of building 1.5 million new homes in England between 2015 and 2022.
- Between 2015 and 2019, local authorities missed the targets by around 46 000 homes a year. This has increased the pressure on local authorities to grant permission for housing developments in sites they might otherwise have protected. This is especially true around London, where there is most demand for housing and the least amount of land available.
How can international migration policies benefit regeneration efforts?
- having more migrants can also increase the tax revenue and provide skilled labour which can kickstart economic development.
- Young migrants who start families in the UK can reduce the problems of ageing populations seen in many rural areas.
- cultural diversity: New communities can revitalize high streets, bring new businesses (e.g. restaurants, shops), and encourage tourism.
How can international migration policies hinder regeneration efforts?
- Increasing numbers of people migrating to an area can put pressure on housing availability.
- Tight immigration rules can limit access to skilled workers needed for regeneration (e.g. engineers, carers, builders).
- hinder social cohesion
- what happened to financial markets in the 70s/80s?
- impact of this
The deregulation of the financial markets through the 1970s and 1980s led to huge changes in the financial landscape of cities. Previously only UK banks could operate in UK cities, but foreign direct investment meant areas such as London’s Canary Wharf started to see the headquarters of international banks, e.g. HSBC, established there.
* For large projects, pump priming may take place. This is where national governments fund part of a scheme with the expectation that further investment will come from private sources. Many large redevelopment projects in cities have used this method to achieve their goals.
What other sectors did deregulation bring changes to?
- Deregulation also brought changes to the investment landscape in other sectors. Wealthy foreign investors started to buy second homes in London and the South East, which could result in them paying less tax in their home countries.
- what did deregulation enable in the UK?
impact: what % do banking, finance and business services account for of the UK’s gdp now compared to 1986 - where was space created for these expanding financial institutions?
Deregulation allowed foreign investors to invest in the UK without seeking UK government approval. The results transformed the UK’s economy to the extent that banking, finance and business services now account for 30% of the UK’s GDP (compared to just 15.5% in 1986).
The London Docklands regeneration (see Section 5.3) also created space for these expanding financial institutions to set up large offices in Canary Wharf
What did the Uks joining of the EU enable
- when did this happen (year)?
What did it help balance?
Similar government decision-making occurred when the UK joined the European single market in 1992 (allowing free movement of labour within the EU). The UK’s membership allowed people seeking work from other member countries to enter the UK (and vice versa). This movement of people helped to balance the UK’s ageing population through increased taxation revenue.
Although immigration is controversial for some, there is no doubt that economic growth can only come from expansion and an available labour market.
