Equine

Question 1

A horse is considered geriatric is if is greater than ____ years

Answer 1

20

Geriatric horses are in increasing segment of the population

Question 2

A horse should be fed based on the needs of ??

Answer 2

Large intestinal tract

Question 3

T/F: horses have continuous dentition eruption and continuously growing teeth

Answer 3

False

Yes - continuous eruption
No - continuous growing (teeth are a fixed length)

Question 4

The maxilla is wider than the mandible in the horse, what dentition problems can arise ?

Answer 4

Points on the outside of the maxilla and on the inside of the mandible

Question 5

T/F: hooks can form on the rostral incisors of the maxilla, and at the caudal aspect of the molars on the mandible

Answer 5

True

Question 6

The stomach of a horse is can hold about ___L of content

Answer 6

8

this is the same size as a lg pg–> small meals “nibbler”

Question 7

Where are high quality proteins digested?

Answer 7

Pre-cecal

-mixed feeds are up to 55% digested in SI

Question 8

Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are absorbed where?

Answer 8

Small intestine

Question 9

Digestion and feed intake problems will occur if more than _____% of the small intestine of a horse is removed

Answer 9

50

Average length is about 70ft

Question 10

What is the goal of carbohydrate absorption in the horse?

Answer 10

That 100% of crabs are absorbed in small intestine (ideally)

–> hydrolyzable carbohydrates; starches

Question 11

What nutrients are absorbed in the SI of horse?

Answer 11

Protein -as amino acids
Fat- triglycerides and glycerol 
Sugars and starches- glucose 
Vitamins (ADEK) 
Minerals - Ca, Mg, and Phos

Question 12

Feed from a single meal can appear in the large intestine within ____ hours from intake

Answer 12

2

Question 13

Where is the primary site of water absorption in horse

Answer 13

Large intestine

Question 14

Digestion in the large intestine is largely a result of ??

Answer 14

Microbial fermentation

Question 15

Microbes within the large intestine break down ____________ to produce VFA

Answer 15

Structural carbohydrate of plants (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lingo-cellulose)

Question 16

What clinical disease will results form an altered microbial ecology in the large intestine?

Answer 16

COLIC (and die)

Question 17

Starch and fructans are _________ type of carbohydrate

Answer 17

Non-structural

Question 18

Cellulose, hemicellulose, lingo-cellulose, and lignin are _________ type of carbohydrate

Answer 18

Structural

Question 19

Hydrolyzable carbohydrates are absorbed in the __________

Answer 19

Small intestine

Question 20

Fermentable carbohydrates are absorbed in the _______________

Answer 20

Large intestine

Question 21

T/F: high quality pasture or hay could fulfill the daily nutrient requirement of most horses

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What should be used to assess long-term nutrition of a feeding regimen for horses?

Answer 22

Body condition

Question 23

The nutrient composition is most variable in _______

Answer 23

Forages

- due to growth and harvesting conditions

Question 24

T/F grains vary little in nutrient composition

Answer 24

True

Question 25

How does processing effect rate of passage through the GI?

Answer 25

Increases rate of passage thus decreasing digestibility - this is usually outweighed by an increased SA

Question 26

About 30% of phosphorus is available due to ________

Answer 26

Phytates

Question 27

Phytates and oxalates affect the availability of what micronutrient?

Answer 27

Calcium

Question 28

__________ is essential for proper function of the GIT in horse

Answer 28

Forage Cellulose --> volatile fatty acids --> lipid synthesis and gluconeogenesis

Question 29

________ acre of good pasture can support 2 mature light breed horses

Answer 29

1

Question 30

__________ acres of dry rage pasture (eg Rocky Mountains and Great Plains) is needed to support 1 horse/year

Answer 30

30-60

Question 31

Why do we want to maximized the roughage components of horse diet?

Answer 31

Economical Benefits horse by decreasing predisposition to vices Mimic pasture situation Leaves contain 2/3 energy and 3/4 protein

Question 32

What is the criteria for good quality hay?

Answer 32

Harvested early -digestibility and protein content decreases as it matures Free of mold, dust, weeds Not undergone excessive weathering Leafy and not stemmy

Question 33

What can make legumes have a variable nutrient composition?

Answer 33

Leaves store much of nutrients. If lost will change composition

Question 34

__________ provides 2-3x more protein and Ca than hays, and also is a source of carotene and vitE

Answer 34

Legumes

Question 35

T/F: the nutrient composition of grasses is more variable than legumes

Answer 35

False Leaves are more firmly attached- less loss of quality dependent on harvesting

Question 36

What are the advantages of beet pulp?

Answer 36

High energy -fermented in large colon Can substitute for roughage or grain Can be 50% of diet Low glycemic index (prevent metabolic disease)

Question 37

Rice, oats, barley, and husked sorghum are all ???

Answer 37

Seeds with hulls Hulls are high in fiber!

Question 38

Milo, corn, wheat, and rye are all??

Answer 38

Seeds without hulls

Question 39

T/F: grains are high energy and fiber, but very low Ca and most vitamins

Answer 39

False High energy Low fiber, Ca, vitamins

Question 40

What are the advantages of corn?

Answer 40

Twice the energy of oats Lower cost/unit Consistent quality High vitA

Question 41

What are disadvantages of corn?

Answer 41

Requires careful management Lower protein content than oats Lowest quantity of protein (low in lysine and tryptophan) Mold toxicity - fusarium moniliform

Question 42

What are the advantages of oats

Answer 42

Safer due to higher fiber content | Better protein quality and quantity than corn

Question 43

What are the disadvantages of oats?

Answer 43

Inconsistent quality (vary due to amount of hulls present) Cost

Question 44

What is the most common protein supplement used for horses?

Answer 44

Soybean meal | High in lysine and tryptophan (ideal for corn based diets which are low in both of these)

Question 45

What is the best recommended source of fat for horses?

Answer 45

Corn oil 2x the digestible energy of corn

Question 46

The combination of high fat/roughage diet can prevent daily dry mater intake from exceeding 2.5% BWt. Why might this be beneficial?

Answer 46

Decrease amount of weight carried Minimizes potential for carbohydrate overloading

Question 47

In the high fat diet, the fat component is added by adding _________. Should oils be added as well?

Answer 47

Rice bran No oils-> will make the food unpalatable

Question 48

What are the two types of commercially prepared feeds?

Answer 48

Complete feeds - have some form of roughage and can be fed without additional hay Grain mixes- must have an additional source of roughage

Question 49

What are the advantages of using complete feeds

Answer 49

Increased intake Decreased waste Requires less storage space Not dusty and no hay belly

Question 50

What are disadvantages to using complete feeds

Answer 50

Predisposed to choke | Hidden poor quality feeds