Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

RUSVM Nutrition > Feedsuffs > Flashcards

Feedsuffs Flashcards

(145 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A 
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine 
Leucine 
Lysine 
Methionine 
Phenylalanine 
Threonine 
Tryptophan 
Valine 
Taurine (cat)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three likely deficient amino acids?

A

Lysine, methionine, and tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

________ contains lipids and proteins

A

Lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_________ contains fatty acids and phosphorus

A

Phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vitamin D and cholesterol are examples of _______

A

Sterols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lipids and fats are a source of ______

A

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an essential fatty acid?

A

Animals requires this fatty acid but is not able to synthesize it.

Must get this from the diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In a monogastric animal, essential fatty acids make up ___% of the diet

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Scaly skin, necrosis of the tail, and poor feathering are common signs of ________ deficiency

A

Lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

___________ are inorganic components of the diet

A

Minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between a macro- and a micro- mineral?

A

Macro-mineral = found in concentrations above 100ppm

Micro-mineral = found in concentration less than 100ppm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the ash content?

A

Mineral content ->Mostly made of Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Common mineral deficiency in sheep?

A

Cobalt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Common mineral deficiency in piglets

A

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common mineral deficiency in pig

A

Selenium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Common mineral deficiency in goat and chicken

A

Zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most water soluble vitamins function as ?

A

Cofactors of enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most fat soluble vitamins have what functions

A

Non-cofactor roles

Eg.
Vision - vitA
Ca absorption - VitD
Anti-oxidant- VitE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are most vitamins stored?

A

Liver

Lesser amounts in
Kidney
Spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A deficiency in vitA can lead to ???

A

Blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A vitD defectively can lead to ______

A

Rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A vitK deficiency can lead to _________

A

Tissue hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the most important source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a calorie (cal)

A

Amount of energy required to raise the temp of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

1cal = 4.184J

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is a Calorie (Cal)
Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree Celsius 1Cal = 1kcal
26
What is the digestible energy?
DE= GE feed - GE feces
27
What is the metabolisable energy?
ME = DE (digestible energy) - GE (urine and gases)
28
What is the essential amino acids for cats?
Taurine
29
What are the unsaturated FA?
``` Palmitoleic Oleic Linoleic Linolenic Arachidonic ```
30
What is the mineral that is highest in beef cattle ash?
Calcium
31
What are the three sources of water?
Drinking Free (in food stuff) Metabolic ( when nutrient/tissues are broken down)
32
In what ways are animals that live in arid environments able to conserve water?
Obtain water from sources other than drinking Concentrate urine Storage of wate
33
Water loss will (increase/decrease) with high protein/mineral salt/fiber intakes
Increase
34
What is found in water and can lead to toxicity before it is palatable
Nitrates, fluorine, and heavy metals
35
What are the nutrient characteristics measured in proximate analysis?
``` Dry matter Crude protein Ether extract Crude fiber Ash Nitrogen free extract ```
36
What is dry matter?
Dry weight/fresh weight x100
37
What is crude protein
Measurement of N (irrespective of source)
38
How is crude protein measured?
Using Kjeldahl method Sulphuric acid converts all C to CO2 and N is trapped and measured in % Can give erronious results for foods high in N (eg feed grade urea)
39
What si the ether extract?
AKA crude fat Determine fatty acid composition by extracting the fats with ethyl ether
40
How is crude fiber determined?
Known amount of feed -> boiled in weak acid -> filtration -> boiled in weak alkali -> filtration -> dry to constant weight Remaining residue is crude fiber
41
What molecules are found in crude fiber?
``` Cellulose Hemicellulose Xylans Lignin Fibrous carbohydrates ```
42
What is the ash of a feedstuff?
Feed is burned -> ash determines inorganic mineral concentration (use atomic absorption or spectrophotometer to determine specific minerals)
43
What does the nitrogen-free extract estimate? How is it calculated?
Available carbohydrates NFE= 100- (crude protein + crude fiber + crude fat + ash)
44
The energy of a feed is measuring using a __________________
Oxygen bomb calorimeter ``` Filled with oxygen under pressure Bomb placed in water of known volume Ignite sample Change in water temp measured Energy can be calculated ```
45
What are new methods that can replace crude fiber ?
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) Acid detergent fiber (ADF) More accurate in defining carbohydrate content
46
What is the neutral-detergent fiber?
Measure structural component of plant (specifically cell wall)
47
What is acid detergent fiber?
Least digestible plant components, incl cellulose and lignin
48
Foods that are (high/low) in NDF and ADF are more nutritious
Low
49
The Kjehldahl method is used to determine?
Crude protein
50
Ash determines ??
Inorganic minerals | But is not specific
51
What is a forage?
The total plant material to be consumed by the animal
52
What is a roughage?
Dietary components that are high in fiber (cellulose)
53
What is herbage?
Plant material not including seeds or roots
54
What are the 4 catagories of herbage?
Grass Legume Forbes Browse
55
Normally, ______ type of grass are found in temperate climate and _________ type if found in tropical and sub-tropical climate
C3 | C4
56
Do C3 grasses or C4 grasses have a higher protein content?
C3
57
What grass is found in the southern US and spreads through rhizomes?
Bermuda grass
58
What grass has high quality during the cool season and 12-16% protein
Ryegrass
59
What are the winter hardy grasses? Which one is drought tolerant?
``` Ryegrass Brome Fescue - drought tolerant Timothy Orchard grass - not as drought tolerant as fescue ```
60
What grass can have a relatively high CP and is a favorite for horses?
Timothy
61
Grasses CP from highest to lowest
Orchard grass (25%early)>brome(15)Ryegrass (12-16)>fescue (12)>brome (12) Timothy(relatively high)
62
What can be a problem associated with fescue?
Contamination with Neotyphodium coenophialum Produce ergot alkaloids - -> gangrene (fescue foot) in winter - -> increased body temp, rapid breathing, decreased production
63
What are the native grasses?
Little bluestem Big bluestem Indian grass Switch grass
64
What are legumes?
Have nodules with rhizobia in the roots that transform atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by the plant Eg. Alfalfa, clover, soybean, green beans, peas, and lentils
65
What is a legume that is an excellent source of protein, Ca, carotene, tocopherol, and water soluble vitamins
Alfalfa AKA Lucerne
66
Horse Oral ulcers and colic. You see they are grazing on a field of Timothy and alfalfa. What may be causing the problem?
Blister beetle toxicity | Caused by Epicauta spp beetle which is associated with alfalfa-> contains cantharidin which is a GI irritant in horses
67
What problem can occur in cattle if they are grazing out on an alfalfa field
Bloat
68
You are about to do a castration on a sheep, but you notice they have sweet clover in their fields, what might you be concerned about?
Sweet clover is high in coumarin -> molds covert this to dicoumarol -> anti- vitK -> bleeding problems
69
What is usually the most significant problem associated with sweet clover?
Carcass damage from bruising
70
What legume is associated wit slaframine toxicosis? What are the symptoms?
Red clover Infected with Rhizoctonica leguminocola which leads to accumulate of Slaframine (mycotoxin) Salivary syndrome in horse Bloat, diarrhea, frequent urination
71
T/F: seed mixes intended for horse pastures and hay should contain alsike clover
False Alike clover can cause photosenitization in horses
72
What is a forb?
Any low growing broadleaf plant Commonly grows with grass plants
73
What is browse?
Woody plants Only few animals able to digest these Some goat breeds Farmed wild animals (bison, deer, and antelope)
74
What is the quality of forage/pasture dependent on?
Degree of leafiness - stems more fiber and lower protein Stage of maturity- less nutrition once flowering
75
What are good principles in pasture use?
``` Monitor quality/growth Rotational grazing Manage -mowing -fertilize -herbicides ``` Proper stocking rate
76
What grass species is tropical?
Bermuda grass
77
What grass is associated with ergot type alkaloid contamination
Fescue
78
Which legume is associated with photosenitization in horses?
Alsike clover
79
What are advantages to green chop?
Less nutrient loss | May reduce bloat
80
How are long fiber forages preserved?
Hay- dried and bailed Haulage- semi-wilted, fermented grasses/legumes in bags
81
How are short fiber forage preserved?
Silage- higher moisture content, fermented
82
When is the ideal time to produce hay and what should its moisture content be when bailed?
Mid spring | 20% or less
83
What is silage?
Higher moisture content than dry roughages | Anaerobic preservation maintained in silos
84
What are the different types of silage?
Corn | Other cereals and by-product silage
85
What are the carbonaceous forages and what re the proteinaceous forages?
Corn and grass - carbonaceous Alfalfa and clover- proteinaceos
86
How is silage produced?
Stored in anaerobic conditions | Fermentation exhausts O2 - sugars to acetic or lactic acid -> reduce pH
87
When should corn silage be made??
When kernels have reached the "dent stage"
88
Corn silage contains ______% grain, _____% protein, and is (high/low) on minerals
50, 8, low
89
What is straw?
Non-grain part of crops sucks as wheat or oats Low in energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins Little nutritional value Mainly add fiber to diet
90
What roughage has the highest CPcontent? ``` Tree branches Corn Silage Wheat Straw Grass hay Alfalfa silage ```
Alfalfa silage
91
What are the most important species of cereal grain?
``` Corn Rice Wheat Barely Oat Sorghum ```
92
Corn is highly palatable and high in energy but is low in ??
Fiber content | Protein and several aa (tryptophan and lysine)
93
How does cob meal compare to corn meal?
Cob meal has: More crude fiber 25% less digestible Lower CP
94
What is a disadvantage of wheat?
May become pasty in the GI tract Should be limited to 50% of the cereal intake
95
Does corn or wheat have a higher crude protein ?
Wheat
96
What cereal is cold tolerant and grown in northern areas?
Barely
97
What is more drought tolerant, wheat or barely?
Barley
98
What cereal is low in fiber and has less energy than the other grains?
Oats
99
What has a similar composition to corn but is more drought resistant?
Sorghum
100
What is bran?
The outer covering of the grains seed More fiber and less energy than whole grain
101
What cereal has the highest energy content?
Corn
102
A byproduct of sugar that is high in eagerly and low in protein
Molasses
103
Molasses is used to?
Increase the palatability of the rations
104
T/F: animal fat is fed to ruminants
Only if no proteins are included => prion disease, not wanted here
105
What is the purpose of adding fats/oils to the diet?
Energy source -> increase energy density Digestible Reduce rustiness and increase palatability
106
Protein supplements for monogastric animals must fulfill what?
Essential amino acids
107
Oil seed meals can come from???
``` Peanut Soybean Sunflowers Cottonseed Flax ```
108
What is the percent of crude protein found in oilseed meals?
Around 40%
109
What is the most important protein supplement??
Soybean!
110
Why must soybeans be heat treated before adding to feed?
Contain trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinins, urease, and saponins --> denature
111
T/F: Cottonseed meal is safer to feed to monogastric rather than ruminants
False Safer in ruminants
112
What are disadvantages to cottonseed meal?
Contains gossypol | Toxic to heart, lung, and repro organs
113
Sunflower meal is high in protein but deficient in __________
Lysine
114
Where are peanuts grown?
Tropical crops Southeastern states
115
Peanuts are low on __________ and __________
Lysine; digestibility
116
Flax is AKA ____________
Linseed
117
Linseed has a poor AA content and should not be fed to
Poultry Is OK in ruminants
118
Linseed can contain what toxic compound?
Cyanogenic glycoside -> toxic H cyanide
119
Canola is AKA _________ and is grown in what climates?
Rapeseed Cool climate Canada/northern states
120
Canola has less ___________ but higher _________ than soybean meal
Lysine; methionine
121
Selected cultivars of canola are used to reduce incidence of what toxic compounds?
Goitrogenic compounds -> disrupt thyroid metabolism
122
What is the by-product of the wet milling of corn for starch and syrup?
Corn gluten meal
123
What is the CP content of corn gluten meal?
40-60%
124
Is the energy content higher in corn grain or in corn gluten meal?
Grain
125
Distillery and brewery products are used for what benefits
High tryptophan content
126
Brewers yeast has a high ___________ aa content
Lysine
127
If you are feeding your ruminants sunflower meal to supplement protein, what may you want to add to this?
Brewers yeast Sunflower meal is deficient in lysine but brewers yeast is high in lysine
128
What is the most important protein source in turkey feeding?
Soybean meal > most important protein supplement in ALL animals
129
Which protein supplement is associated with gossypol
Cottonseed meal
130
T/F: peanut meal has a relative high content of lysine
False
131
What are cautions to using animal by-product meals as protein supplements
May cause strange flavors Health hazard -> mad cow disease
132
What non protein nitrogen can be fed to ruminants
Feed-grade urea Too much urea is toxic
133
What is the most common mineral supplement added to diets?
Salt
134
Most commercial formulas for ruminants have ___________ % salt, and for poultry and pigs have ___________ % salt
0.5-1; 0.25-0.5
135
Supplementation of calcium and phosphorus is important for???
Skeletal growth Lactation Egg production
136
What feedstuffs are especially deficient in Ca and P
Cereals
137
What are sources of Ca and P?
Dicalcium phosphate -> prepared from bones Rock phosphates Ca carbonate Limestone Oyster shell
138
Vitamin _______ is not found in most plants used in animal nutrition, only in animal tissue or synthesized
A
139
Vitamin ______ is found in sun-cured forages, fish liver oil and synthetic
D
140
Vitamin __ is found in germ or germ oil of plants, greeen plants , or hays
E
141
Vitamin __ is only found in green plant material
K
142
Vitamin _______ is an animal and fish by-product, or dairy product
B
143
Most ruminants will lack what vitamin
B
144
What are the types of feed additives
``` Antibiotics -> inhibit microorganisms Arsenicals -> control parasites Coccidostats -> control coccidiosis Nitrofurans -> inhibit bacteria Hormone like production improves Enzymes Prigmenters ```
145
Animal feed additives are regulated by?
FDA Enforced by specific legislation Change country to country

RUSVM Nutrition (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions