EQ 210: Equine General Health > Equine Diseases > Flashcards

Equine Diseases Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Tetanus

A

Spores of Clostridium tetani (Bacteria)

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2
Q

Salmonellosis

A

Salmonella enterica

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3
Q

Lyme Disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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4
Q

Rabies

A

Neurotrophic Rhabdovirus

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5
Q

Streptococcal

A

Streptococcus equi

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6
Q

Staphylococcal

A

Staphylococcus Aureus/Staphylococcus Epidermis

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7
Q

Anaerobic Infection

A

Anaerobes

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8
Q

Lawsonia Intracellularis

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

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9
Q

Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

A

Anaplasma Phagocytophilum

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10
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Leptospira

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11
Q

Glanders

A

Burkholderia Mallei

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12
Q

Dermatophilosis

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

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13
Q

Botulism

A

Clostridium Botulinum

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14
Q

Rhodococcus Equi

A

Rhodococcus equi

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15
Q

Enteric Clostridial Infections

A

Clostridium perfringens

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16
Q

What does seropositive mean?

A

Showing a positive result for a virus (Blood contains the antibodies for the virus)
You are more likely to show symptoms but you may not

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17
Q

What is Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by?

A

Apicomplexan Protozoa (Sarcocystis Neurona

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18
Q

What is a Sarcoystis organism

A

cultured from spinal fluid of infected horse

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19
Q

Incubation period of EPM

A

3 days to 3 weeks although horses can be seropositive for EPM and never show symptoms until their systems are stressed if at all.

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20
Q

How long does EPM viremia last

A

Even after treatment horses will continue to relapse under stress.

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21
Q

What tissues are targeted in EPM

A

Merozites reach the central nervous system and damage vital areas. After interacting with the nervous system, viral particles will cross the blood-brain barrier (either directly or through infection of the endothelial cells). Once inside the brain, viruses can infect cells or their myelin sheaths.

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22
Q

Clinical symptoms of EPM

A

(Look for the 3 A’s) Asymmetry, Ataxia, Atrophy of muscles, Tremors, Facial Paralysis, Recumbency, Depression, Head tilting, loss of reflexes, incontinence, lower leg or back pain, loss of sensation in skin.

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23
Q

Know treatments for EPM:

A

Medications: Marquis (Merial), Protazil, Rebalance. Additional Treatments: NSAIDS and Immunostimultors

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24
Q

Preventions of EPM

A

Control rodents around farm, keep feeds closed off, provide mesh fencing

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25
Know how contagious EPM is
It is not contagious from horse to horse, although in some places in the US 90% of horses will be seropositive. This does not mean they will ever show symptoms.
26
Mortality rates of EPM
A horse with mild symptoms - 80-90% will recover completely. A horse with severe symptoms - 10% achieve full recovery.
27
How is EPM spread?
Exposure to feed, water or other sources contaminated with infected opossum feces.
28
Equine Infectious Anemia nickname
EIA or Swamp Fever
29
The causative agent for EIA
Lentivirus (RNA Virus)
30
Incubation periods of EIA
7 to 45 days
31
How EIA long viremia lasts
Viremia usually peaks when horses are pyrexic and is low when horses are healthy. However if they become chronic, they will alternate between remission and diseased states. If they become inapparent, stress can trigger episodes. This horses will not always show clinical signs however they may remain carriers.
32
What tissues are targeted by EIA
Virus infects red blood cells
33
Clinical symptoms of EIA
Pyrexia, Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, lethargy, jaundice, edema, bleeding from nose, red or purple spots on mucous membranes, hematochezia, general weakness, anorexia, sudden death.
34
Treatments of EIA
Quarantined for the remainder of their lives but are usually euthanized
35
EIA Preventions
Control biting fly populations
36
Diagnostic test for EIA
Coggins
37
How contagious is EIA?
10 horsefly bites can sufficiently transmit EIA from one horse to another
38
EIA Mortality rates
Not good. Usually are killed by the virus or are euthanized
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How is EIA Spread
Spread by flies
40
Nickname of Strangles
Strangles, Equine Distemper
41
The causative agent for Strangles
Streptococcus Equi
42
Incubation period of Strangles
3-14 days
43
How long does Strangles viremia last
4 to 8 months after clinical signs
44
What tissues are targeted by Strangles
Bacterium invades nasal and throat passages and forms abscesses in lymph nodes and other parts of the body
45
Clinical symptoms of Strangles
Profuse Nasal discharge, Coughing, Edema, Abscessing of lymph nodes, Pyrexia, Depression, Anorexia, Death, horses will hold their head low and extended out.
46
Treatments of Strangles
Lance abscess and allow to drain, may give supportive care, may treat secondary infections with antibacterials
47
Strangles Preventions
Vaccines (Killed M Protein extract) (Modified Live), Biosecurity, don’t overstock, quarantine new horses, reduce cross contamination
48
How contagious is Strangles
Highly Contagious
49
Mortality rate of Strangles
8%
50
How is Strangles spread
Via fomites and direct contact, humans can spread the disease through contaminated clothing and hands, contaminated water and feed sources, spread via nasal secretions (snorting, coughing, and pus from abcesses)
51
Nickname of Vesucular Stomatisis
Indiana Fever, VSV
52
The causative agent for Vesicular Stomatitis
Vesiculovirus
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Incubation periods of VSV
2 to 8 days
54
How long VSV viremia lasts
14 days
55
What tissues are targeted by VSV
Tongue, mouth lining, nose, lips, coronary bands, udder or sheath
56
Clinical symptoms of VSV
Blisters on Tongue, mouth lining, nose, lips, coronary bands, udder or sheath. May develop a fever. Drooling, frothing at mouth, reluctance to eat
57
Know treatments of VSV
isolate from other horses, soft feeds, NSAIDS, IV fluids, flush mouth out
58
VSV Preventions
Good nutrition, regular exercise, deworming and vaccines. Keep stables clean and free from flies. Use individual feeders/waterers. There are experimental vaccines but nothing approved
59
How contagious is VSV
Can spread to humans
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Mortality rate of VSV
Close to 0
61
How is VSV spread
Black flies, sand flies, and midges. It can also spread from contact with fluids from ruptured blisters
62
Nickname for West Nile Virus
WNV
63
The causative agent of West Nile Virus
West Nile virus
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Incubation periods of WNV
3 to 15 days
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How long WNV viremia lasts
3 to 5 days
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What tissues are targeted by WNV
Causes encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), Meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and Meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the brain and its surrounding membrane)
67
Clinical symptoms if WNV
Fever, discomfort, lameness, low grade fever, malaysia, muzzle twitching, impaired vision, circling, trembling, ataxia, weakness, paralysis, convulsions, sensitivity to light, teeth grinding, blindness, inability to swallow
68
Know treatments of WNV
NSAIDS, Serum or plasma products, supportive care, for horses unable to get up they will be put in a sling.
69
WNV Preventions
Vaccines ( Inactivated whole virus, Recombinant canary pox, inactivated flavivirus chimera), Vector management
70
How contagious is WNV
Not contagious from horse to horse or horse to human
71
Mortality rate of WNV
50%
72
How is WNV spread
Transmitted from avians by mosquitoes
73
Nickname of Equine Herpes Virus (EHV-1/EHV-4)
Herpes
74
Causative agent of Herpes
Varicellovirus
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Incubation periods of Herpes
9 days to 4 months
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How long Herpes viremia lasts
14 days
77
What tissues are targeted by herpes
Enter cells through endocytic/phagocytic or direct fusion. Vasculitis and thrombosis of small blood vessels in the spinal cord and/or brain are consistent histopathological chang
78
Clinical symptoms of Herpes
Abortions, paralysis, fever, anorexia, enlargement of lymph nodes, serious nasal charge, weakness, jaundice, respiratory distress
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Know treatments of Herpes
Supportive care, IV fluids, antibiotics, bladder cathertization, and an antiviral drug call Valacyclovir
80
Herpes Preventions
Subdivide horses into small isolated close groups, minimize risks of introduction to EHV, and maximize herd immunity through vaccination.
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How contagious is Herpes
Decently contagious and can spread from direct horse to horse contact.
82
Mortality rate of Herpes
30-50%
83
How is Herpes spread
Nose to nose contact and fluid secretions
EQ 210: Equine General Health
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