ESR [002] The hypothalamo-pituitary axis

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Question 8

PAS stain ?

Answer 8

Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) is a staining method used to detect polysaccharides such as glycogen, and mucosubstances such as glycoproteins, glycolipids and mucins in tissues.

Question 9

Heterodimeric means ?

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a protein composed of two polypeptide chains differing in composition in the order, number, or kind of their amino acid residues.

Question 10

Composition of TSH, LH & FSH ?

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Question 11

Composition of ACTH ?

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Question 12

What’s POMC ?

Answer 12

proopiomelanocortin ; The POMC gene provides instructions for making a protein called proopiomelanocortin (POMC), which is cut (cleaved) into smaller pieces called peptides that have different functions in the body. The peptides attach (bind) to one of several proteins in different regions of the body, and this binding triggers signaling pathways that control many important functions.

Question 13

Composition of ACTH ?

Answer 13

Question 14

Composition of GH & PRL ?

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Question 19

Explain the Dual Control of GH Secretion

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Question 23

Effect of Chronic stress on overriding the negative Feedback of ant.pituitary ?

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Question 24

3 types of Pituitary dysfunction ?

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A. Functional disconnection of the pituitary gland

B. Hyposecretion of anterior pituitary hormones

C. Hypersecretion of selected anterior pituitary hormones

Question 25

What can cause Functional disconnection of the pituitary gland ? Discuss

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Question 26

What can cause Hyposecretion of anterior pituitary hormones ? Discuss

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- Adenohypophyseal cells sensitive to irradiation particularly somatotrophs - Hyposecretion of individual anterior pituitary hormones - rare

Question 27

What can cause Hypersecretion of selected anterio pituitary hormones ? Discuss

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Question 28

Why is ectopic ACTH not suppressed by cortisol?

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Question 30

explain the steps of oxytocin release

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Question 32

Composition of Oxytocin ?

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Oxytocin is a nine amino acid peptide , Oxytocin differs from antidiuretic hormone in two of the nine amino acids

Question 33

Other tissues that secrete Oxytocin ?

Answer 33

ovaries and testes

Question 34

How is Oxytocin and other antidiuretics secreted ?

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Both hormones are packaged into granules and secreted along with carrier proteins called neurophysins

Question 35

Cellular Actions of Oxytocin ?

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A. Stimulation of milk ejection B. Stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions at birth C. Establishment of maternal behavior

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Question 37

Explain the Role of Neural reflex in oxytocin secretion

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Question 41

What’s the Fergusson reflex ?

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It is a neuroendocrine reflex where pressure of the head of the fetus over the cervix stimulates oxytocin release and subsequent uterine contractions

Question 42

Explain the Suckling reflex

Answer 42

-The act of nursing or suckling is relayed within a few milliseconds to the brain via a spinal reflex arc. -These signals impinge on oxytocin-secreting neurons, leading to release of oxytocin