Ethics Flashcards
(20 cards)
The Belmont Report
Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Written by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research and published in 1979. Based on the Nuremberg Code written in 1946.
Research
activity designed to test a hypothesis; contributes to generalized knowledge. Permits a conclusion to be drawn.
Practice
interventions designed solely to enhance the well-being of an individual. Reasonable expectation of success; provide diagnosis, preventative treatment or therapy.
Autonomy - defined by Belmont Report
the participant has the right to know what they are participating in, and decide whether or not to participant. Informed consent ensures autonomy.
Protect those with diminished autonomy
protect people who are more vulnerable to coercion or risk.
Beneficence
nonmaleficence and beneficence minimize risk and maximize the benefits. Ensured by oversight.
Trust - part of Beneficence
ensures a relationship of trust between participants and researchers by maintaining confidentiality, using deception when absolutely necessary, and debriefing. Ensured by individual researcher.
Confidentiality
your identity is linked to your data but we keep that link secret
Anonymity
your identity is not linked to your data
debriefing
educating participants about the design and purpose of the experiment.
Justice
burdens and rewards of the research are distributed equally. Those who will reap the benefits of the research should also face the risks, publicly funded research should benefit the public. Ensured by oversight.
Distribution of risks and benefits
Recruitment of participants - all members of the population being studied must have an equal chance of being selected.
Assignment of participants - all participants must have an equal chance of being assigned to different study conditions.
Fidelity and Scientific Integrity
uphold ethical principles, report violations of ethics, researchers must be honest, open, and accurate in reporting data. Ensured by scientific community via peer review.
Misconduct/Fraud
making up data, leaving out relevant data
Diedrick Stapel
Social psychologist with 150+ published articles, never ran experiments for some experiments.
Ethics oversight
Institutional Review Board determines research guidelines for people. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee determine research guidelines for animals.
Open Science
a movement to make data and research findings accessible to the public.
Preregistration
publishing study hypotheses and research plans before data are collected.
Data sharing
publishing raw data files and other study materials to facilitate replications.
Preprints
manuscripts which have not yet been published in peer review journals.
