Ethics

Question 1

Which organizations are involved in the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS) of Ethical Research?

Answer 1

CIHR - Canadian Institutes of Health Research
SSHRC - Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
NSERC - Natural Science and Engineering Research Council

Question 2

What are the core principles of the TCPS guidelines?

Answer 2

Respect for Persons
Concern for Welfare (Beneficence)
Justice

Question 3

Researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to ensure their well-being

Answer 3

Concern for Welfare

Question 4

Researchers need to carefully assess the risks and benefits of the research they plan to conduct

Answer 4

Concern for Welfare

Question 5

There must be a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it

Answer 5

Justice

Question 6

Any decision to include or exclude certain people from a study must be justified on scientific grounds

Answer 6

Justice

Question 7

Researchers must acquire informed consent

Answer 7

Respect for Persons

Question 8

Researchers are not allowed to mislead participants about the study’s risk and benefits

Answer 8

Respect for Persons

Question 9

A researcher may not coerce or unduly influence a person into participating in research

Answer 9

Respect for Persons

Question 10

Protection of vulnerable populations

Answer 10

Respect for Persons

Question 11

What type of research involves publicly available information, observing people in public places, or using already collected anonymous data?

Answer 11

Exempt Research

Question 12

What type of research involves risk which is no greater than that encountered in daily life or non-sensitive tests?

Answer 12

Minimal Risk Research

Question 13

What type of research is subjected to thorough review and addition safeguards beyond informed consent,?

Answer 13

Greater than Minimal Risk Research

Question 14

Animal Care Guidelines

Answer 14

Replacement - avoid using animal model
Reduction - minimize number of animals used
Refinement - minimize pain and distress

Question 15

When researchers invent data that fir their hypothesis

Answer 15

Data fabrication

Question 16

When research influence a study’s results by deleting observations from data or influencing their subjects to act in the hypothesized way

Answer 16

Data falsification

Question 17

To inform participants afterward about a study’s true nature, details, and hypothesis

Answer 17

Debriefing

Question 18

To withhold dome of the details of a study from participants

Answer 18

Deception though omission

Question 19

To actively lie to participants about the study

Answer 19

Deception through commission

Question 20

What three kinds of ethic violations are demonstrated in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

Answer 20

Not Treated Respectfully - Lied to, withheld information from, no informed consent, coerced families (Respect for Persons)

Harmed - Subject to painful tests and not given treatment that could cure them (Concern for Welfare)

Targeted Disadvantaged social group - only targeted African American men (Justice)

Question 21

What ethical questions are raised in the Milgram Obedience Study?

Answer 21

Was it ethical to put unsuspecting volunteers through such a stressful experience?
What is the lasting effect of the study?
Was the risk to participants outweighed by the value of the knowledge?

Question 22

Coercing or unduly influencing a person into participating in research violated which principle of ethics?

Answer 22

Respect for Persons

Question 23

Misleading people about the study’s risks and benefits violated which principle of ethics?

Answer 23

Respect for Persons

Question 24

When researchers explicitly or implicitly suggest that those who do not participate will suffer a negative consequence

Answer 24

Coercion

Violates Respect for Persons

Question 25

When researchers offer an incentive too attractive to refuse

Answer 25

Undue Influence Violates Respect for Persons

Question 26

Treating populations who are unable to give informed consent since they may not be able to understand the procedures involved with special consideration falls under which core ethic principle?

Answer 26

Respect for Persons

Question 27

Withholding treatment that are known to be helpful to study participants is a violation of which principle of ethics?

Answer 27

Concern for Welfare (Beneficence)

Question 28

Researchers should first ensure that the participants involved in a study are representative of the kinds of people who would also benefit from its results

Answer 28

Justice

Question 29

What are the ethical costs and benefits of doing the study with deception, compared with the ethical cost of doing it this way?

Answer 29

Concern for Welfare