Claims and Validities

Question 1

An attribute that varies, having at least two levels or values

Answer 1

Variable

Question 2

Something that could vary but only has one level in the study

Answer 2

Constant

Question 3

Variable whose levels are simply observed and recorded

Answer 3

Measured Variable

Question 4

A variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher (they change the levels of the variable)

Answer 4

Manipulated Variable

Question 5

A variable of interest stated at an abstract or conceptual level

Answer 5

Construct - Conceptual variable

Question 6

To turn a concept of interest into a measured or manipulated variable

Answer 6

Operationalize

Question 7

The specific way in which a concept of interest is measured or manipulated as a variable in a study

Answer 7

Operational Definition

Question 8

The argument someone is trying to make

Answer 8

Claim

Question 9

A claim that describes a particular rate or degree of a single variable

Answer 9

Frequency Claim

Question 10

How many variables does a Frequency Claim involve?

Answer 10

One measured variable

Question 11

A claim about two variables in which the value (level) of one variable is said to vary systematically with the value of another variable

Answer 11

Association Claim

Question 12

What does it mean when variables are correlated?

Answer 12

When one variable changes the other variable tends to change too

Question 13

How many variables are involved in an Association Claim?

Answer 13

Two measured variables

Question 14

An association in which high goes with high and low goes with low

Answer 14

Positive Association

Question 15

An association in which high goes with low and low goes with high

Answer 15

Negative Association

Question 16

A lack of systematic association between two variables

Answer 16

Zero Association

Question 17

A claim arguing that a specific change in one variable is responsible for influencing the value of another variable

Answer 17

Causal Claim

Question 18

What are the three criteria for a Causal Claim?

Answer 18

Temporal Precedence - Cause came before effect
Covariance - variables are correlated
Internal Validity - no other explanation

Question 19

The appropriateness of a conclusion or decision

Answer 19

Validity

Question 20

An indication of how well a variable was measured or manipulated

Answer 20

Construct Validity

Question 21

How accurately a researcher has operationalized each variable is an example of what type of validity?

Answer 21

Construct Validity

Question 22

An indication of how well the results of a study generalize to, or represent, individuals or context besides those in the study itself (the population)

Answer 22

External Validity

Question 23

How the researcher chose the participants and how well they represent the intended population is an example of which type of validity?

Answer 23

External Validity

Question 24

The ability to rule out alternative explanations for a causal relationship between two variables

Answer 24

Internal Validity

Question 25

The extent to which statistical conclusions derived from a study are accurate and reasonable

Answer 25

Statistical Validity

Question 26

A statistical figure based on sample size of a poll that indicates where the true value in the population probably lies

Answer 26

Margin of Error

Question 27

What is statistical significance?

Answer 27

The probability that it is not due to chance

Question 28

What are the two types of mistaken conclusions?

Answer 28

Type I Error (False Positive) - Concluding there is an association when there is non Type II Error (False Negative) Miss - concluding no association when there is one

Question 29

How many variables are involved in a Causal Claim?

Answer 29

One manipulated and one measured variable

Question 30

The use of a random method to assign participants into different experimental groups

Answer 30

Random assignment