ETP- nephrology quiz Flashcards
(20 cards)
A person has a blood pH of 7.25, a PCO2 of 55 mm Hg, and a bicarbonate concentration of 31 mmol. What type of acid-base abnormality does this person have? Is it fully or partially compensated?
Question 1 Answer
a.
Metabolic acidosis; fully compensated
b.
Metabolic alkalosis; partially compensated
c.
Respiratory acidosis; partially compensated
d.
Respiratory alkalosis; fully compensated
c.
Respiratory acidosis; partially compensated
normal values of arterial blood gas
pH= 7.35-7.45
pCO2= 35-45 mmHg
pO2= 75-100 mmHg
HCO30 = 22-26mmol/L
All of the following regarding Aldosterone is true except.
Question 2 Answer
a.
Promotes reabsorption of Na+
b.
Promotes secretion of K+
c.
Promotes reabsorption of H+
d.
Mainly acts on cells of the distal tubular system
c.
Promotes reabsorption of H+
Epinephrine will increase all of the following except.
Question 3 Answer
a.
all of the above would be increased by epinephrine
b.
afferent arteriole resistance
c.
efferent arteriole resistance
d.
peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
d.
peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure
NE and Epi effect afferent or efferent arteriole? AT II effects which?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine, acting on α1-adrenergic receptors, vasoconstrict both afferent and efferent arterioles, but the afferent more — reducing renal blood flow and GFR (especially during stress or shock).
Angiotensin II preferentially constricts the efferent arteriole, helping to maintain GFR even when renal perfusion is low.
From the list below which is the most prominent risk factor for suffering an acute tubular injury?
Question 4 Answer
a.
increased drug or toxin metabolism via the liver
b.
increased GFR & filtration fraction
c.
ischemia
d.
hypovolemia
c.
ischemia
Leukemia, gout, and any rapidly developing malignancy are all pathological situations that increase the risk for what type of kidney stone?
Question 5 Answer
a.
uric acid stones
b.
struvite stones
c.
calcium oxalate stones
d.
cystine stones
a.
uric acid stones
Name an exogenous substance that can be used to estimate total amount of blood arriving at the renal system?
Question 6 Answer
a.
inulin
b.
PAH
c.
cystatin
d.
creatinine
b.
PAH
(Para-Aminohippuric Acid)
The hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule increases, from 18 mm Hg to 26 mm Hg. What effect will this have on filtration?
Question 7 Answer
a.
No significant change on filtration but reabsorption will decrease
b.
No significant change on filtration but reabsorption will increase
c.
Filtration will increase
d.
Filtration will decrease
d.
Filtration will decrease
= Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (promotes filtration)
= Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (opposes filtration)
= Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure (also opposes filtration)
What are the two most common histological types of bladder cancer?
Question 8 Answer
a.
transitional cell & cuboidal
b.
transitional cell & umbrella
c.
transitional cell & squamous
d.
cuboidal & umbrella
c.
transitional cell & squamous
What lab findings would you expect to accompany a patient presenting with tubulointerstitial nephritis?
Question 9 Answer
a.
decreased BUN; decreased GFR
b.
increased BUN; decreased GFR
c.
increased BUN; increased GFR
d.
decreased BUN; increased GFR
b.
increased BUN; decreased GFR
BUN
= blood urea nitrogen
It measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea, a waste product formed in the liver from the breakdown of proteins.
Urea is normally filtered and excreted by the kidneys.
What type of renal pathological clinical pattern tends to be exhibited in a patient with minimal change disease?
Question 10 Answer
a.
asymptomatic urinary abnormalities
b.
tubular defects
c.
nephrotic syndrome
d.
obstructive urinary diseases
c.
nephrotic syndrome
What would be the main urine dipstick finding you’d expect to be positive in someone with bladder cancer?
Question 11 Answer
a.
hemoglobin
b.
albumin
c.
bilirubin
d.
leukocytes
answer: a. hemoglobin
Bladder cancer, especially transitional cell carcinoma, commonly causes hematuria (blood in urine), often gross or microscopic.
On urine dipstick, hemoglobin or blood will be positive due to red blood cells or free hemoglobin/myoglobin.
——=—–
b. albumin: Proteinuria is more typical of glomerular diseases, not bladder cancer.
c. bilirubin: Indicates liver or biliary disease, not bladder cancer.
d. leukocytes: Suggests urinary tract infection or inflammation, not specifically cancer.
Which hormone increases permeability of several tubular segments to water?
Question 12 Answer
a.
ANP
b.
angiotensin 2
c.
vasopressin
d.
Aldosterone
c.
vasopressin
Vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone, ADH) increases the water permeability of the collecting ducts and late distal tubules by inserting aquaporin-2 water channels into the apical membrane of the tubular cells.
This promotes water reabsorption, concentrating the urine and conserving body water.
Which of the following patients would not be considered a “complicated” case of pyelonephritis?
Question 13 Answer
a.
an otherwise healthy 3 year old girl with a history of normal antibiotic tolerance
b.
A 26 year old female with a 2 day history of nausea & vomiting
c.
A 28 year old female with a current intrauterine pregnancy
d.
a 23 year old female with concurrent diagnosed interstitial cystitis
d.
a 23 year old female with concurrent diagnosed interstitial cystitis
D IS WHAT THE ANSWER KEY SAYS BUT CHAT GPT SAYS A
Complicated pyelonephritis refers to infections in patients with factors that increase risk of treatment failure or severe disease, such as:
Pregnancy (because of physiological changes and risks to fetus)
Underlying urinary tract abnormalities or obstructions
Immunosuppression or systemic illness
Severe symptoms like persistent vomiting or dehydration
Coexisting urinary tract conditions (e.g., interstitial cystitis)
Which of the following regarding diuretics & the renal system is true?
Question 14 Answer
a.
Aldosterone receptor antagonists work in the loop of Henle to block the Na/K exchanger
b.
loop diuretics act in the distal convoluted tubule to block the Na/K/Cl cotransporter
c.
thiazide diuretics act in the distal convoluted tubule to block the Na/Cl symporter
d.
thiazide diuretics act in the collecting duct to block the Na/K/Cl cotransporter
c.
thiazide diuretics act in the distal convoluted tubule to block the Na/Cl symporter
thiazide diuretics act where in the kidneys
thiazide diuretics act in the distal convoluted tubule to block the Na/Cl symporter
Which of the following will increase [K+] ECF?
Question 15 Answer
a.
High levels of Aldosterone
b.
Beta-blocking medication
c.
High levels of insulin
d.
Increased blood pH
b.
Beta-blocking medication
WRONG BECAUSE
a. High levels of aldosterone:
Aldosterone promotes potassium secretion in the kidneys, lowering [K⁺] in ECF.
c. High levels of insulin:
Insulin stimulates cellular uptake of potassium, decreasing [K⁺] in ECF.
d. Increased blood pH (alkalosis):
Alkalosis causes potassium to shift into cells, decreasing [K⁺] in ECF.
