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A level Biology > Eukaryote cells working together > Flashcards

Eukaryote cells working together Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomes structure

A

Bound to histone proteins
Linear

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2
Q

What makes up the nucleus in a cell?

A

Holds chromatin, material which makes chromosomes
Nucleolus
Double membrane

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3
Q

Chromosomes function

A

Genetic material which encodes for specific proteins controles activities of cells by transcribing specific proteins

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4
Q

Nucleolus structure

A

Dark stained regions

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5
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Sites of ribosomes production by assembling ribosome subunits from ribosomal RNA

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6
Q

Nucleus double membrane

A

Known as nuclear envelope with pores so molecules can enter, specifically for DNA replication

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7
Q

Where are ribosomes found in a cell?

A

Found freely in the cytoplasm
Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

Ribosomes structure

A

Large subunit (protein)
Small subunit (protein)
Ribosomal RNA
Not surrounded by a membrane

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9
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To synthesise proteins

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10
Q

What ribosomes are found in eukaryotes?

A

80s

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11
Q

2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough ER
Smooth ER

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12
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum vs rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough is covered in ribosomes and involved in modifying proteins
Smooth is not covered in ribosomes and processes carbs and lipids

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13
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

Cisternae (flattened vesicles) which contain enzymes
Lumen
Ribosomes pebbled on surface

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14
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Ribosomes translate for proteins to be secreted from cell or make up the membrane proteins or enter lysosomes
And then folds + processes these proteins

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15
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum structure

A

Cisternae and lumen
But no pebbled enzymes on surface

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16
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Produces and stores lipids and carbohydrates
Sends them to the Golgi to be transported to where needed

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17
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

Flattened vesicles (cisternae) with lumen
Golgi vesicles being produced

18
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Modifies proteins and lipids before packaging them into Golgi vesicles
To be secreted
Form cell membrane
Enter lysosomes

19
Q

Vesicles structure

A

Phospholipid membrane bound

20
Q

Vesicles function

A

A sac which stores and transports proteins from ribosomes /ER to Golgi then secreted out the cell

21
Q

How does secretion occur in a cell

A

Vesicles containing protein or lipids etc are fused with cell membrane to release

22
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Special type of vesicles

23
Q

Lysosomes structure

A

A phospholipid bilayer membrane
Contains hydrolytic enzymes and digestive proteins

24
Q

Lysosomes function

A

Forms vacuole around dead organelles to HYDROLYSE IT
Aids phagocytes in phagocytosis
Releases hydrolytic enzymes in programmed cell death

25
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The fusion of membrane bound vesicles and lysosomes with cell surface membrane to release enzymes/ proteins etc into extra cellular space
And incorporate new lipids/ proteins in membrane

26
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Double membrane folded into Cristae
Forming a matrix with enzymes
Mitochondrial loop of DNA and mitochondrial ribosomes

27
Q

Mitochondria function

A

The site of aerobic respiration which contains enzymes needed for it in cristae
Site of resynthesis of ATP (phosphorylation) and hydrolysis of ATP with enzymes

28
Q

What organelles do only plant cells contain?

A

A permanent vacuole
Cell wall with a middle lamella
Chloroplasts

29
Q

Structure of the vacuole

A

Enclosed in a membrane (the tonoplast)
Contains cell sap inside (dissolved sugars, ions, amino acids and waste products)

30
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Separates unwanted chemicals in cell by tonoplast membrane
Maintains water pressure in cell

31
Q

Cell wall structure

A

Consists of cellulose forming microfibrils forming cellulose fibrils
Has middle lamella on outside composed of polysaccharides

32
Q

Cell wall function

A

Offers structural support to cell when water enters via osmosis increasing hydrostatic pressure
Prevents bursting

33
Q

Chloroplasts structure

A

Double membrane on outside
Membrane bound thylakoids containing chlorophyll stack to form granum connected by lamellae
Contains loop of dna + ribosomes
Starch granules
And stroma

34
Q

Chloroplasts function

A

The site of photosynthesis due to thylakoids containing thylakoids which are stacked to form granum for efficient light absorption

35
Q

Why do chloroplasts and mitochondria contain its own dna and ribosomes?

A

To synthesise it’s proteins needed for functions eg enzymes and to replicate when needed during interphase before cell division

36
Q

Which organelles have a double membrane?

A

Nucleus
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria

37
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

The idea that one organism will live inside another for mutual benefit
Eventually evolved to form mitochondria/chloroplasts in cells - explains dna inside them

38
Q

Mitochondrial/chromosomal dna vs nucleus dna

A

Mitochondrial and chromosomes dna is a continuous loop not bound to proteins
In nucleus it is linear and bound to histone proteins

39
Q

All types of eukaryote cells

A

Animal cells
Plant cells
Algae cells
Fungi cells

40
Q

Algae cell difference

A

Similar shape + components of plant cells
But chloroplasts are different shapes to plant cells

41
Q

Fungal cells differences

A

Cell walls made of chitin
Do not have chloroplasts because they don’t photosynthesis

A level Biology (29 decks)

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