Flashcards in EUKARYOTIC CELLS AND ORGANELLES Deck (86)
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1
What is the ultrastructure of the cell
the internal structure of the cell that suits it for its job
2
What organelles are found within eukaryotic cells (11)
1) nucleus
2) mitochondria
3) chloroplast
4) endoplasmic reticulum
5) golgi apparatus
6) lysosomes
7) ribosomes
8) cell wall
9) vacuole
10) golgi vesicle
11) cell vacuole
3
What organisms are eukaryotic cells found in
animals, plants, fungi, algae
4
What organelle are found in animal cells (11 points)
1) plasma membrane
2) rough endoplasmic reticulum
3) nucleous
4) nucleus
5) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
6) lysosome
7) ribosome
8) golgi apparatus
9) cytoplam
10) nuclear envolope
11) mitochondria
5
What do plant cells have that animal cells dont
1) cellulose cell wall
2)plasmodesmata
3) vacuole
4) chloroplasts
6
What cells do algae cells have the same organelle as
plants
7
What are the differences between plant cells and fungal cells (2 points)
1) cell walls are made chitin
2) don't have chloroplasys as they dont photosynthesise
8
What does the nucleus do
contains the organisms hereditary material & controls the cells activities
9
What 5 parts does the nucleus contain
1) nuclear envolope
2) nuclear pores
3) nucleoplasm
4) chromosomes
5) nucleolus
10
What is the nuclear envelope
double membrane that surrounds the nucleous
11
What does the nuclear envelope do
controls the entry and exit of materials in and out of the nucleus, contains the reactions taking place within
12
What do the nuclear pores allow
the passage of large molecules such as mRNA out of the nucleus
13
What is the nucleoplasm
granular, jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus
14
What do chromosomes consist of
protein-bound linear DNA
15
What is the nucleolus
small spherical region within the nucleoplasm
16
What does the nucleolus do
manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes
17
Is there more than 1 nucleolus in the nucleus
yes
18
What are the 3 functions of the nucleus
1) act as the control centre of the cell through production of mRNA and tRNA (so protein synthesis)
2) retain the genetic material of the cell in the form of DNA and chromosomes
3) manufacture ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
19
What is the average size of the nucleus
10-20 um
20
What is the usual shape of mitochondria
rod-shaped
21
What is the average size of mitochondria
1-10 um
22
What structures are mitochondria made up of (3 points)
1) double membrane
2) cristae
3) matrix
23
What does the double membrane of the mitochondria control
the entry and exit of material
24
What does the inner of the membranes of the double membrane fold to make
extensions called cristae
25
What are cristae
extensions of the inner membrane
26
What does the cristae do
provide a large surface area for the attachment of enxymes and other proteins involved in respirations
27
What does the matrix contain (4 points)
1) protein
2) lipids
3) ribosomes
4) DNA
5) enzymes involved in respiration
28
What does the matrix allow for the control of
production of some of their own proteins
29
What is the function of mitochondria
the sites of respiration
30
What molecule does mitochondria require & produce lots of
ATP
31
What are chloroplasts function
the organelles that carry out photosynthesis
32
What shape are chloroplasts usually
sphere
33
What are the main features of chloroplasts (3)
1) chloroplast envelope
2) grana
3) stroma
34
What is the chloroplast envelope structure
double membrane
35
What is the chloroplast envelope highly selective about
what enters and leaves the chloroplast
36
What are the grana composed of
stacks of disc-like structures called thylakoids
37
What can be found within the thylakoids
chorophyll
38
What is chrolophyll
photosynthetuc pigment
39
What occurs within the grana
the first stage of photosynthesis (light absorbtion)
40
What is the stroma
fluid-filled matrix
41
What occurs within the stroma
the second stage of photosynthesis (synthesis of sugars)
42
How are chloroplast adapted to their function (3 points)
1) granal membranes provide a large SA: V ratio for the attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers & enzymes
2) fluid of the stroma possesses all the enzymes needed to make sugars in second stage of photosynthesis
3) chloroplasts contain both DNA & ribosomes so they can quickly and easily manufacture proteins needed for photosynthesis
43
How are grana linked to other grana
lamellae
44
What are lamellae
thing, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane
45
What is the singular for grana
granum
46
What is the endoplasmic reticulum structure
system of sheet-like membranes
47
What does the endoplasmic reticulum membranes enclose
cisternae
48
What are cisternae
network of tubules and flattened sacs
49
What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum
1) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2) rough endoplasmic reticulum
50
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum have present on the outer surface
ribosomes
51
What are the 2 functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
1) provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
2) provide a pathway for the transport of materials (especially proteins) throughout cell
52
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum more in appearance
tubular
53
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lack on the outer surface
ribosomes
54
What are the 2 functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
1) synthesise, store and transport lipids
2) synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates
55
Which cells have a lot of ER
liver and secretory
56
What is the golgi apparatus structure
conposed of a stack of membranes that make up cristernae with small rounded hollow structures called vesicles
57
What does the golgi apparatus function (5)
1) add carbohydrate to proteins to form glycoproteins
2) produce secretory enzymes such as those secreted by the pancreas
3) secrete carbohydrates such as those used in making cell walls in plants
4) transport, modify and store lipids
5) form lysosomes
58
When are lysosomes formed
when the vesicles produced by the golgi apparatis contain enzymes such as proteases and lipases
59
What are the functions of lysosomes (4)
1) hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells (e.g white blood cells and bacteria)
2) release enzymes to outside of cell to destroy material around the cell
3) digest worn out organelles so the useful chemicals they are made out of can be re-used
4) completely break down cells after they have died
60
What is the release of enzymes to the outside of the cell called
exocytosis
61
What is the breakdown of cells after they have died called
autolysis
62
What cells are abundant in lysosomes
epithelial and phagocytic cells
63
What enzymes lysosomes contain
digestive enzymes called lysozymes
64
What organelle does the golgi apparatus produce
golgi vesicle
65
What is the function of the golgi vesicle
store lipids and proteins produced by the golgi apparatus and transport them out of the cell
66
How many types of ribosome are there
2
67
What are the type of ribosomes
1) 80S
2) 70S
68
Where are 80S ribosomes found
in eukaryotic
69
Where are 70S ribosomes found
in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplast
70
Which is the larger type of ribosome
80S
71
What does the ribosomes contain
ribosomal RNA and protein
72
What is the function of ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
73
What is the cell wall composed of
microfibrils of the polysaccharide cellulose embedded into a matrix
74
What makes the cell wall strong
the microfibrils of the cellulose
75
What are the 2 features of the cell wall
1) consist of a number of polysaccharides
2) thin layer called the middle lamella
76
What does the thin lamella mark
the boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements adjacent cells together
77
What is the function of the cellulose cell wall (3 points)
1) provide structural support to stop the cell bursting under pressure of osmotic entry of water
2) give structural to the plant as a whole
3) allow water to pass along it and so contribute to the movement of water through the plant
78
What are the cell walls of algae made up of
cellulose of glycoprotein ( or mixture)
79
What are the cell walls of fungi made up of
mixture of chitin and glycan & glycoproteins
80
What is chitin
nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
81
What is the vacuole structure
fluid-filled sac bounded by a single membrane
82
What is the single membrane surrounding the sac in a vacuole known as
tonoplast
83
What are the functions of the vacuole (3 points)
1) support herbacceous plants & herbacceous parts of woody plants by making cells turgid
2) sugars and amino acids may act as a temporary food store
3) pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects
84
What does the vacuole contain
cell sap
85
What is cell sap
a weak sollution of sugar and solds
86
