Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolution of Cells > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

The 1918 flu pandemic triggered a ‘cytokine storm’

What is this?

A

When people with strong immune systems are more likely to be affected severely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does the immune system recognise influenza?

A

By detecting a protein on the viral surface called hemagglutinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The process by which ne w genetic variants sweep a population is

A

Positive slection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A phenotypic characteristic that has made it more likely for an organism to survive and reproduce is

A

An adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

A physical expression of an organisms genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What name is given to traits which are determined by genes to some degree

A

Heritable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When did the field of poulation genetics begin to develop?

What triggered this?

A

1930s and 1940s

The rediscovery of George Mendel’s publications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which field seeks to undestand the patterns of genetic variance, as well as the underlying mechanisms which cause changes in gene frequency?

A

Population genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What name is given to the different forms of a gene?

A

Alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alleles are found at

A

Loci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What name is given to the sum of all alleles at alll loci in a population?

A

The gene pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What produced many important crops such as cabbage and brussel sprouts?

A

The artificial selection of a european species of wild mustard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why can one genotype produced a variety of phenotypes?

A

Environmental factors can influence devlopment, impactnig the way in which the genotype is expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What name is given to local interbreeding groups?

A

Mendelian populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a polymorphic population?

A

One that has more than one allele at a locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the allele frequency of a monomorphic population at a given locus?

A

1

The allele is fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What describes a populations genetic structure?

A

Allele frequency

Genotype frequency

18
Q

What models describes the conditions under which evolution does not occur?

A

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium

19
Q

What prediction can be made using the Hardy-Weinberg model?

A

Approximate gene frequencies can be estimated from allele frequencies

20
Q

What can restore genetic variance in a population?

A

Mutations

21
Q

Rates at which mutations occur on a single locus are

A

Low

Little deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

22
Q

What is a population bottleneck?

A

A period in which only a small number of individuals within a population are succesfuly reproducing

23
Q

What effect does a population bottleneck have on genetic variation?

A

It decreases it substantially

24
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

Loss of genetic variation in the establishment of new populations

25
Q

What does natural selection act on directly?

A

The phenotype

26
Q

Which evolutionary effect confers adaptation?

A

Natural selection

27
Q

What determines the fitness of a phenotype?

A

The relative rates of survival and reproduction of individuals with the phenotype

28
Q

Do changes in reproductive rates across a population change the genetic structure?

A

Not usually

29
Q

What effect preserves average characteristics?

What happens to the bell curve?

A

Stabilising selection

It is squeezed tighter

30
Q

What effect shifts characteristics over time?

What happens to the bell curve?

A

Directional selection

It shifts to the right/left

31
Q

What effect favors characteristics in opposite directions from the mean?

What happens to the bell curve?

A

Disruptive selection

It becomes bimodal

32
Q

The effect that favours traits improving ability to compete for mates is

A

Intrasexual selection

33
Q

The effect that favours traits making individuals more attractive to mates is

A

Intersexual selection

34
Q

What kind of selection may favour traits that decrease survival rates?

A

Sexual selection

35
Q

What is an ‘honest signal’

A

A demonstration of ability to survive in an environment

36
Q

What kind of mutations does natural selectrion not act on?

A

Neutral mutations

37
Q

What effect can change the frequency of neutral mutations?

A

Genetic drift

38
Q

What are the short term disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Recombination breaks up adaptive combinations

Seperation in to gender reduces overall reproductive rate

39
Q

Give some advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Eliminates deleterious mutations
Repairs errors in DNA
Variation can aid defense against pathogens

40
Q

What is muller’s ratchet?

A

When an asexual organism accumulates deleterious mutations over time.

41
Q

What is the rare case in which an asexual organism can lose a deleterious mutation

A

Back mutation

42
Q

How does sexual reproduction affect natural selection?

A

It does not act directly.

It generates new combinations of alleles for natural selection to act upon

Evolution of Cells (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions