evolution

Question 1

What is evolution?

Answer 1

• the change in genetic makeup of a population over time

Question 2

Can an individual’s genetic makeup change within it’s life time?

Answer 2

Hell no

Question 3

What is change directed by?

Answer 3

Natural Selection

Question 4

Ok so what is Natural Selection

Answer 4

It causes relative changes/frequencies in the gene pool

Question 5

What is the Gene Pool?

Answer 5

The genetic sum of a population

Question 6

evolution = genetic makeup change > gene frequency change > gene pool change

Answer 6

N/A

Question 7

What perspective should we look at mutations?

Answer 7

An organism’s perspective, because bacterial resistence is great for bacteria but not for us

Question 8

Define domestication

Answer 8

A type of selective breeding, domestication involved changing a species to fit human needs

Question 9

Define artificial selection

Answer 9

Very similar to domestication except we choose the reproductive success of an organism.

Question 10

Power of Artificial Selection?

Answer 10

Humans can exploit traits to appear where they wouldn’t naturally appear in the wild. (Can also reduce genetic diversity)

Question 11

Why doesn’t breeding always work the way we want it to?

Answer 11

B/c genes are often linked to other genes (bigger nose = heart issues)

Question 12

How do biologists find signs of evolution without lots of evidence?

Answer 12

Geological records

Question 13

de Buffon

Answer 13

-applied the scientific method to anatomy
-“wowza anatomy must’ve changed over time”

Question 14

Linnaeus

Answer 14

-also proposed that life changed over time
-copycat

Question 15

Erasmus Darwin

Answer 15

-suggested that all life evolved from a single original source
-grandpappy of the goat Charles

Question 16

Malthus

Answer 16

-essay wrote “Principles of Population”
-woah, resources will provide a limiting factor for populations
-Charles Darwin used this theory to help prove his natural selection theory

Question 17

Lamarck (long name guy)

Answer 17

-suggested body things organisms use got bigger
-and things they use less got smaller

INCORRECT THEORY:
-that traits gained in life are passed to offspring

Question 18

What did Lamarck’s incorrect theory lead to?

Answer 18

• use it or lose it
  -all species evolve over time
  -all species respond to their environment
  -changes are passed on from generation to generation

Question 19

Patterns of Change

Answer 19

FOSSILSAAA

Question 20

Fossils?

Answer 20

• preserved remains of an organism or it’s activities
• hard body parts (common)
• burrow impressions, footprints (rare)
• full bodies, bog people (ultra rare)
• fossilization (legendary)
  -micro fossils (abundant)

Question 21

Cuvier

Answer 21

-founder of paleantology
-suggested most complex organisms are found closer to the strata
-also more likely to resemble living organisms

Question 22

What is Catatrophism?

Answer 22

• local/global catastrophes could explain extinction
• or the eradication of species
• and the species the pop up afterwards

Question 23

Lyell

Answer 23

-came up with uniformatarianism

Question 24

What is Uniformatarianism?

Answer 24

• natural laws govern continous change in the Earth’s surface

Question 25

What did Cuvier and Lyell's ideas lead to?

Answer 25

- dramatic change can occur if given enough time - earth is old AS FUCKKKKK (unc and maybe chopped)

Question 26

Kelvin (Modern Theory)

Answer 26

- estimated an estimated age of the earth (400 million years) - cooling of the earth made him think this - later revised to 15-20 million

Question 27

Curie (malewife of Marie Curie)

Answer 27

-discovered that radioactive decay produces heat - earth uses this to produce heat a LOT

Question 28

So... what did Curie's theory reveal?

Answer 28

That Kelvin was stupid and wrong

Question 29

How old is earth now? And why?

Answer 29

- 4.5 billion years old - through meteorite age

Question 30

What is radiometric dating? (no not dating radios)

Answer 30

- radioisotopes are atoms w/ unstable nuclear arrangement - they have a half life - they only need this half life to decay into a daughter isotope from parent isotope - we use to predict age

Question 31

Mendel

Answer 31

- pea guy - studied genes

Question 32

Morgan

Answer 32

- demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes - provided the mechanical basis of heredity

Question 33

Dobzhansky (The modern evolutionary synthesis)

Answer 33

- he merged evolutionary biology with genetics - "a change in the frequency of an allele within a gene pool" - mutations drive evolution

Question 34

Gould and Eldridge

Answer 34

- "The Punctual Equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism"

Question 35

What is that book that i won't type down again about?

Answer 35

- most species don't change for a long time - but then have a period of time where they rapidly evolve

Question 36

Define Patterns on Natural selection.

Answer 36

- populations have a wide range of phenos and genos, and some individuals produce more offspring than others -natural selection affects the frequency of a heritable trait in a population

Question 37

1. Stabilizing Selection

Answer 37

- perfers intermediate phenotypes to EXTREME ones (ex. children will die in skate parks but skaters won't)

Question 38

2. Directional Selection

Answer 38

- prefers one extreme phenotype (ex. spy kids work better than adult spies)

Question 39

3. Disruptive Selection

Answer 39

- prefers extreme phenotypes rather than the intermediate (ex. opposite of stabilizing where two extremes are better adapted)

Question 40

4. Sexual Selection

Answer 40

- you look pretty you get laiddddd - sexual dimorphism (difference between male and female phenotypes)

Question 41

Altruism

Answer 41

- one organism A benefits more from the behavior of another organism B more than that organism B will - fatal part of Darwin's evolution theory

Question 42

Example of altruism?

Answer 42

- wasp colonies made up of female helping only one female reproduce (who is their sister) - atleast the family genes are passed down