Evolution

Question 0

Platos beliefs

Answer 0

Objects are represented by ideal forms

Variation isn’t important

Question 1

Aristotles beliefs

Answer 1

Species don’t change

Natural order doesn’t change

Question 2

Jean Lamark

Answer 2

Linear force- evolution towards inc complexity
- driven by internal force
Lateral force- adaptation to local conditions
- have certain traits for their environment

Question 3

Charles Darwin

Answer 3

Proposed mechanism to explain evolution, waited 30 years to release
Natural selection

Question 4

Alfred Wallace

Answer 4

Developed same idea as Darwin but let Darwin publish

Question 5

Darwin
Define
Uniformitarianism

Answer 5

World under slow constant change.

Lyell

Question 6

Define essay on populations

Answer 6

Human populations grow faster than resources

Malthus

Question 7

Darwins theory of natural selection: 3 points

Answer 7

All can reproduce at exponential rates
Populations can’t increase exponentially
Resources are limited (Malthus ideas on essay population)

Question 8

What were darwins four conclusions?

Answer 8

1. Struggle for existence within a species
   2 survival depends on varying traits
2. Populations evolve
3. All species have evolved from a common ancestral species

Question 9

What is artificial selection?

Answer 9

Organism can be bred into different species

Question 10

Biogeography

Answer 10

Organisms from one region are more similar than from another region

Question 11

What are homologous structures?

Answer 11

Parts similar in structure but have entirely different functions

Question 12

What. Are analogous structures?

Answer 12

Parts different in structure but have similar functions

Question 13

Vestigial parts

Answer 13

Serve no function

Question 14

What is molecular biology?

Answer 14

Relationships can be implied from chemical similarity of organisms

Question 15

What is coevolution?

Answer 15

Organisms that rely on others show evolutionary similarities

Question 16

What are the four arguments against evolution?

Answer 16

Lack of intermediate forms in fossil records
Dilution of favourable traits
Blind watchmaker - mutation is random
Irreducible Complexity

Question 17

Stabilizing selection

Answer 17

Average traits are selected

Occurs when environment is stable

Question 18

Directional selection

Answer 18

Higher OR lower traits are selected

Occurs when environment changes and organisms adapt

Question 19

Disruptive selection

Answer 19

Higher AND lower traits selected

When resources are unevenly distributed

Question 20

Frequency dependent selection

Answer 20

Uncommon traits are selected
Increases variation and diversity
Balances out traits making more common

Question 21

Sexual selection

Answer 21

May have traits that decrease ability to survive but increase ability to breed

Question 22

What are the two forms of sexual selection?

Answer 22

Females pick males

Males compete

Question 23

What is random selection?

Answer 23

Change in genetic makeup of population by random events

Question 24

Founder effects

Answer 24

Some individuals Ina population migrate to different area and have some different traits than population they left

Question 25

Bottleneck effects

Answer 25

All but a few are eliminated in a population. Survivors don't have same traits as original population

Question 26

Genetic drift

Answer 26

Non adaptive change in population over time

Question 27

Define typological/ morphological species

Answer 27

Group of individuals sharing similar characteristics | Ex. Tigers to lions

Question 28

Define Biological species

Answer 28

Organisms that can produce fertile offspring

Question 29

What are the issues with biological species theory?

Answer 29

Doesn't work for asexual organisms Difficult to test Same species can evolve into two and still produce offspring

Question 30

What are three barriers that prevent different species from interbreeding?

Answer 30

Gamete isolation Behavioural barriers Mechanical isolation

Question 31

What is a behavioural barrier?

Answer 31

Species: Occupy different habitats Breed at different times Different mating behaviours

Question 32

What is mechanical isolation?

Answer 32

Structural differences prevents mating | Example: certain dogs

Question 33

What is gamete isolation?

Answer 33

Gametes are prevented from uniting due to incompatible cell surfaces

Question 34

What are two processes of species formation and explain

Answer 34

1. Formation of species through geographic isolation he population is split and eventually isolation from eachother leads to differences 2. Formation of species without geo isolation Polyploids

Question 35

What is the formation of polyploids?

Answer 35

Organisms with two or more complete sets of chromosomes Can't cross with parents Can lead to issues in animals But works out nicely for plants