Evolution and Biodiversity

Question 1

What is Evolution?

Answer 1

The process of things changing over time

Question 2

What is the mechanism of evolution?

Answer 2

Natural Selection

Question 3

What is the evidence for Evolution?

Answer 3

Fossils, Selective Breeding, Homologous Structures, Patterns of Variation,

Question 4

How is the sequence of fossils important?

Answer 4

it matches the pattern in which they would be expected to evolve

Question 5

What is the sequence of evolution?

Answer 5

fungi and worms -> vertebrates -> bony fish -> amphibians -> reptiles -> birds -> mammals

Question 6

What is the evidence from fossils?

Answer 6

the sequence which fossils appear, sequence fits in with the ecology of the group, sequences of fossils

Question 7

How does the sequence of fossils fit in with ecology?

Answer 7

plants existed before animals

Question 8

how is the sequence of fossils important?

Answer 8

it links existing organisms and their likely ancestors

Question 9

What is artificial selection?

Answer 9

repeatedly selecting for and breeding the individuals most suited to human uses

Question 10

Why is selective breeding important to evolution?

Answer 10

It shows selection can cause evolution

Question 11

What is a analogous structure?

Answer 11

structures that have had different origins and have become similar

Question 12

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 12

analogous structures that have become similar because they perform the same or a similar function

Question 13

what is a homologous structure?

Answer 13

structures that look superficially different and perform a different function, but which Darwin called a “unity of type”

Question 14

What is adaptive radiation?

Answer 14

homologous structures which have similar ancestors but have become different because they perform different functions

Question 15

What are vestigial organs?

Answer 15

reduced structures that serve no function, ie appendix, pelvis in snakes and whales

Question 16

What is speciation?

Answer 16

populations of species gradually diverging into separate species by evolution

Question 17

When can natural selection occur?

Answer 17

when there is variation in a species

Question 18

what are the sources of variation?

Answer 18

mutation, meiosis and sexual reproduction

Question 19

What is mutation?

Answer 19

production of new alleles, enlarging the gene pool

Question 20

What is meiosis?

Answer 20

production of new combinations of alleles by breaking up the existing combination in a diploid cell.

Question 21

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 21

fusion of male and female gametes, offspring has a combination of alleles from two individuals which allows mutations from two individuals to be brought together

Question 22

What is the only source of variation for species that do not reproduce sexually?

Answer 22

mutation

Question 23

what is an adaptation?

Answer 23

characteristics that make an individual suited to its environment and way of life

Question 24

What is over - production of offspring?

Answer 24

species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support

Question 25

What is differential survival and reproduction?

Answer 25

individuals that are better adapted tend to survive and produce more offspring while less adapted tend to die or produce fewer offspring

Question 26

what is inheritance?

Answer 26

individuals that reproduce pass on characteristics to their offspring - heritable

Question 27

Are acquired characteristics significant in evolution?

Answer 27

no

Question 28

what is the binomial system?

Answer 28

the system used to name species, genus species

Question 29

What are the three domains?

Answer 29

Eukaryota, Eubacteria, Archea

Question 30

What are the principle taxa for classifying eukaryotes?

Answer 30

KPCOFGS

Question 31

What is natural classification?

Answer 31

the genus accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species

Question 32

What are the advantages of natural classification?

Answer 32

identification of species is easier, members of a group share similar characteristics,

Question 33

What is a Dichotomous key?

Answer 33

A key used to decipher the characteristics of a species

Question 34

What is a clade?

Answer 34

a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor

Question 35

How do you identify base members of a clade?

Answer 35

the base sequences of a gene or the corresponding amino acid sequence of a protein

Question 36

What is a molecular clock?

Answer 36

correlation between number of differences between two species and the time since they diverged from a common ancestor

Question 37

What is a cladogram?

Answer 37

tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clades

Question 38

What is catabolism?

Answer 38

breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones; releases energy

Question 39

What is anabolism?

Answer 39

synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones; stores energy

Question 40

What is an enzyme?

Answer 40

substance produce by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a reaction

Question 41

What is a substrate?

Answer 41

surface an enzyme acts on

Question 42

What is an active site?

Answer 42

region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction

Question 43

What is an allosteric site?

Answer 43

where regulatory molecules interact with an enzyme to inhibit or activate that enzyme

Question 44

What is a primary structure?

Answer 44

polypeptide chain (amino acid chain)

Question 45

What is a secondary structure?

Answer 45

alpha helixes made of polypeptide chains

Question 46

What is a tertiary structure?

Answer 46

alpha helixes that fold in on themselves

Question 47

What is a quaternary structure?

Answer 47

when one or more tertiary proteins bind together

Question 48

What is an exergonic reaction?

Answer 48

reaction where energy is lost in the reaction

Question 49

What is activation energy?

Answer 49

energy required to start a reaction

Question 50

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 50

where monomers combine to form polymers where water is a byproduct

Question 51

What are the 4 macromolecules?

Answer 51

Proteins, lipids, nucleic acid, carbohydrates,

Question 52

What are polymers?

Answer 52

large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules

Question 53

What are monomers?

Answer 53

individual small molecules

Question 54

What are amino acids?

Answer 54

building blocks of protein

Question 55

What are dipeptides?

Answer 55

two amino acids

Question 56

What are polypeptides?

Answer 56

chain of amino acids, one end has an amino terminal and the other has a carboxyl group

Question 57

What is a carboxyl group?

Answer 57

-COOH

Question 58

What are fibrous proteins?

Answer 58

structural proteins

Question 59

What is denaturation?

Answer 59

process of modifying the structure of a protein; breaking weak bonds

Question 60

What are co-factors?

Answer 60

non - protein chemical compound that is required for a protein to be active

Question 61

What are inhinitors?

Answer 61

substance that slows or stops an enzyme catalysed reaction

Question 62

What are metabolic pathways?

Answer 62

series of steps in reactions that help convert molecules or substrates; two types (catabolic, anabolic)

Question 63

What are structural proteins?

Answer 63

proteins used to build structural components of the body

Question 64

What are functional proteins?

Answer 64

protein able to carry out metabolic processes

Question 65

What factors affect enzyme activity?

Answer 65

temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, presence of inhibitors and activators

Question 66

What are the elements of life?

Answer 66

CHNOPS

Question 67

What is an endergonic reaction?

Answer 67

reaction where energy is absorbed

Question 68

What is deamination?

Answer 68

process which amino acids are broken down; amino group is removed

Question 69

What are coenzymes?

Answer 69

help enzymes catalyze a reaction