Human Physiology - Defense Aganist Infectious Disease

Question 1

What are the components of blood?

Answer 1

55% Plasma

45% Enterocytes

Question 2

What are neutrophils?

Answer 2

white blood cells

Question 3

what are leukocytes?

Answer 3

white blood cells

Question 4

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 4

red blood cells

Question 5

What is the main component of plasma?

Answer 5

Water (90%)

Question 6

What is the benefit of plasma being mainly water?

Answer 6

Can dissolve things into it for transportation; Na, K, Cl, Ca, Bicarbonate, O2, CO2,

Question 7

What are the proteins in the plasma?

Answer 7

albumins, globulins/immunoglobulins, fibrinogens

Question 8

What is the role of albumins?

Answer 8

regulate water concentration

Question 9

What is the role of immunoglobulins?

Answer 9

defend against bacterial cells / antigens

Question 10

What is the role of fibrinogen?

Answer 10

clotting protein

Question 11

What is an antigen?

Answer 11

foreign protein in the blood

Question 12

Where do red blood cells get their energy from?

Answer 12

glycolysis because there is no mitochondria

Question 13

What is the size of a red blood cell?

Answer 13

12um

Question 14

What is the main component of red blood cells?

Answer 14

haemoglobin - 250 million molecules each cam carru 4 molecules of oxygen

Question 15

Where are red blood cells made?

Answer 15

bone marrow

Question 16

How does the body regulated dead red blood cells?

Answer 16

broken down in spleen

Question 17

Where are red blood cells?

Answer 17

only in blood vessels and the heart

Question 18

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

Answer 18

120 days max

Question 19

What are the two main categories of white blood cells?

Answer 19

Granular and Agranular

Question 20

What does granular/agranular mean?

Answer 20

Show spots with stain, agranular doesn’t

Question 21

What are the two kinds of agranular white blood cells?

Answer 21

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

Question 22

What are the two kinds of lymphocytes?

Answer 22

T Cells and B Cells

Question 23

What disease is often correlated to T Cells?

Answer 23

HIV, becomes AIDS when the concentration of T Cells reaches a certain level

Question 24

What are the three kinds of granular

Answer 24

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils,

Question 25

What are eosinophils?

Answer 25

immune cell causing inflamation

Question 26

What are basophils?

Answer 26

white blood cell that helps coagulate blood, has histamine to promote blood flow to tissues

Question 27

What are neutrophils?

Answer 27

Pac Man

Question 28

What happens to white blood cells?

Answer 28

become puss

Question 29

Where are white blood cells made?

Answer 29

Bone marrow and spleen, mature in thymus

Question 30

Where are white blood cells found?

Answer 30

Vessels, heart and interstitial fluid

Question 31

What are platelets?

Answer 31

Responsible for blood clotting

Question 32

Where are platelets from?

Answer 32

megakaryocytes

Question 33

What are megakaryocytes?

Answer 33

stem cells found in the bone marrow

Question 34

How big is a platelet?

Answer 34

1/6 the size od a red blood cell

Question 35

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 35

Distribution, regulation and protection

Question 36

What does the blood regulate?

Answer 36

heat (thermoregulation), pH in body tissue, fluid volumes (albumin)

Question 37

What does the blood distribute?

Answer 37

dissolved gasses, nutrients, proteins

Question 38

How does the blood contribute to protection?

Answer 38

immune system prevents infection (antibodies and white blood cells) blood clotting prevents blood loss

Question 39

How does the blood distribute?

Answer 39

Haemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to cells Carries CO2 from blood to lungs Transports metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites Transport hormones

Question 40

What controls haemoglobin?

Answer 40

Erythroprotein

Question 41

What is anemia?

Answer 41

Low oxygen carrying capacity

Question 42

What is coagulation?

Answer 42

blood clotting

Question 43

What is the process of blood clotting?

Answer 43

1. damage to blood cells 2. platelets stick to damaged blood vessel 3. platelets release clotting factors (almost always a protein) 4. Attract required proteins to the area 5. prothrombin --> thrombin 6. thrombin converts fibrinogen --> fibrin 7. Mesh traps red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Question 44

What is hemophilia?

Answer 44

inherited defect in clotting process

Question 45

What is leukemia?

Answer 45

cancer of white blood cells

Question 46

What are the parts of the immune system?

Answer 46

adenoids, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, bone marrow, thymus, blood,

Question 47

What is the role of the lymph node?

Answer 47

collect white blood cells, connect to the immune system through lymphatic tissue

Question 48

What is a pathogen?

Answer 48

any organism, virus or prion that causes injury or disease; ie. e. coli

Question 49

What is a prion?

Answer 49

piece of protein that can cause disease

Question 50

What is the first layer of defense?

Answer 50

reflexes, skin. tears. HCL in stomach,

Question 51

What is the second layer of defense?

Answer 51

fever, phagocytosis, NK cells, inflammation

Question 52

What is the third layer of defence?

Answer 52

cells with immunity to disease

Question 53

What is the goal of the first line of defence?

Answer 53

Prevent pathogen from entering body

Question 54

How does skin prevent pathogens from entering the body?

Answer 54

tough layer of keratin; pH 3-5; secretions

Question 55

How does the inner lining of mucous membranes prevent pathogens from entering the body?

Answer 55

Secrete fluids with lysosomes that destroy the cell wall of bacteria; cilia remove particles from lungs; secrete acidic gastric juices; intestinal e. coli;

Question 56

What parts of the body are physical / chemical barriers for disease?

Answer 56

Cilia in nasopharynx, skin and fatty acids, commensals, vaginal acids, lysosomes in tears, mucous lining in trachea, pH change in gut, flushing of urinary tract

Question 57

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 57

process where solid materials are ingested by a cell

Question 58

What is the process of phagocytosis?

Answer 58

1. pathogen touches the plasma membrane 2. pseudopodia absorb pathogen into a vacuole 3. a lysosome binds with the vacuole to creates phagolysosome and digests the contents 4. antigens are presented on the surface of the cell