Evolution and Diversity of Life (Lecture 12)

Question 1

This major event happened approximately 4.6 BYA and is the earliest event documented here.

Answer 1

Formation of the Earth

Question 2

This major event happened approximately 3.5 BYA

Answer 2

Origin of Prokaryotes

Question 3

This major event happened approximately 1.8 BYA

Answer 3

Origin of Single-Celled Eukaryotes

Question 4

This major event happened approximately 1.5 BYA

Answer 4

Origin of Multicellular Eukaryotes

Question 5

This major event happened approximately 650 MYA

Answer 5

The emergence of the earliest animals

Question 6

This major event happened approximately 500 MYA

Answer 6

Colonization of Land by the earliest animals

Question 7

This major event happened approximately 1.8 MYA

Answer 7

Arrival of the earliest Humans

Question 8

This section of Pangea broke off into North America and Eurasia

Answer 8

Laurasia

Question 9

This section of Pangea broke into South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica

Answer 9

Gondwana

Question 10

This occurs when global environmental changes are rapid and disruptive, leading to most species being swept away in a relatively short amount of time.

Answer 10

Mass Extinctions

Question 11

How many Mass Extinctions have occurred over the last 500 million years that we are aware of?

Answer 11

5 Mass Extinctions

Question 12

This mass extinction, caused enormous volcanic eruptions in present day Siberia, claimed about 96% of marine animal species.

Answer 12

Permian Extinction

Question 13

This mass extinction, caused be a large asteroid landing near the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, wiped out half of all marine species at the time and nearly all dinosaurs.

Answer 13

Cretaceous Extinction

Question 14

In Biological Classification, how many Kingdoms and Domains are there?

Answer 14

5 Kingdoms
3 Domains

Question 15

What are the 3 Domains?

Answer 15

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 16

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

Answer 16

Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Question 17

Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms describes what Kingdom?

Answer 17

Monera

Question 18

Eukaryotic, unicellular/multicellular, and very diverse describes what Kingdom?

Answer 18

Protista

Question 19

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, decomposers describes what Kingdom?

Answer 19

Fungi

Question 20

Eukaryotic, autotrophic, and photosynthetic describes what Kingdom?

Answer 20

Plantae

Question 21

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and motile describes what Kingdom?

Answer 21

Animalia

Question 22

Coccus describes what shape of bacteria?

Answer 22

Spherical

Question 23

Bacillus describes what shape of bacteria?

Answer 23

Rod-shaped

Question 24

Spiral describes what shape of bacteria?

Answer 24

Long and curved

Question 25

This type of Spiral bacteria is comma shaped

Answer 25

Vibro

Question 26

This type of Spiral bacteria has rigid twists

Answer 26

Spirilla

Question 27

This type of Spiral bacteria is cork-screw shaped

Answer 27

Spirochete

Question 28

This term is used to describe 2 bacterial cells attached to each other.

Answer 28

Diplo

Question 29

This term is used to describe 4 bacterial cells attached to each other

Answer 29

Tetrad

Question 30

A chain of attached bacterial cells

Answer 30

Strepto

Question 31

A grapelike cluster of attached bacterial cells

Answer 31

Staphylo

Question 32

What are the cells walls composed of lifeforms in the Kingdom Monera?

Answer 32

Peptidoglycan

Question 33

What color does a Gram Positive, thicker cell wall stain?

Answer 33

Purple

Question 34

What color does a Gram Negative, thinner cell wall stain?

Answer 34

Red

Question 35

This is the theorized origin of Eukaryotic cells, and is when Prokaryotic cells establish residence within larger cells.

Answer 35

Endosymbiosis

Question 36

How many species are included in Kingdom Protista?

Answer 36

Approx. 60,000 species

Question 37

This subgroup of Protista are autotrophic plant like protists, some being unicellular, others being multicellular.

Answer 37

Algae

Question 38

This subgroup of Protista are heterotrophic fungal-like protists

Answer 38

Slime Molds

Question 39

This subgroup of Protista are heterotrophic animal like protists

Answer 39

Protozoans

Question 40

How many species exist in Kingdom Fungi?

Answer 40

Approx. 100,000 species

Question 41

This part of the a fungus are fungal filamentous cells

Answer 41

Hyphae

Question 42

This part of the a fungus are collective arrangement of Hyphae

Answer 42

Mycelium

Question 43

This part of the a fungus are root-like anchors

Answer 43

Rhizoids

Question 44

What is the cell wall made of in organisms in Kingdom Fungi?

Answer 44

Chitin

Question 45

Strong, flexible, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

Answer 45

Chitin

Question 46

This term describes organisms that feed on other living organisms

Answer 46

Parasite

Question 47

This term describes organisms that feed on dead/non-living organic matter

Answer 47

Saprophytes

Question 48

This is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots in which fungal hyphae penetrate or surround plants root cells

Answer 48

Mycorrhizae

Question 49

What adaptions did members of Kingdom Plantae make to survive on land? (Hint: C-S-RS-VT)

Answer 49

Cuticle Stomata Root System Vascular Tissue

Question 49

This symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae/cyanobacteria are pioneers on new land require very little or no soil

Answer 49

Lichen

Question 50

This part of plant vascular tissue transports water and small minerals

Answer 50

Xylem

Question 51

This part of plant vascular tissue transports organic solutes (Sugars)

Answer 51

Phloem

Question 52

This term describes the male multicellular sex organ that produces sperm

Answer 52

Antherdium

Question 53

This term describes the female multicellular sex organ that produces eggs

Answer 53

Archegonium

Question 54

Does moss have vascular tissue?

Answer 54

No

Question 55

What does moss have in place of a true root system?

Answer 55

Rhizoids

Question 56

What is located in the green, leafy portion of moss?

Answer 56

Antheridia or Archegonia

Question 57

How does moss reproduce?

Answer 57

Through spores

Question 58

How do Ferns reproduce?

Answer 58

Through spores

Question 59

Where are the spores located on a Fern?

Answer 59

Underneath the leaf in the Sori

Question 60

These seedless vascular plants were the first plants to develop true roots

Answer 60

Ferns

Question 61

This tiny, microscopic structure on a fern contains antheridia, archegonia, and rhizoids

Answer 61

Prothallus

Question 62

Pine, Spruces, Hemlocks, Junipers, and Firs all belong to what subgroup of Kingdom Plantae?

Answer 62

Conifers

Question 63

What does the name Conifer mean?

Answer 63

"Cone Bearing"

Question 64

What does it mean for seeds to be "naked"?

Answer 64

The seeds are unprotected by fruit

Question 65

These cones, produced by Conifers, produce pollen grains that carry non-flagellated sperm.

Answer 65

Pollen Cones

Question 66

These cones, produced by Conifers, produce ovules that house eggs (Which become a seed after fertilization)

Answer 66

Ovulate Cones

Question 67

How do Conifers pollinate?

Answer 67

By wind

Question 68

Deciduous trees, most shrubs, grasses, palms, and bedding plants belong to what subgroup of Kingdom Plantae?

Answer 68

Flowering Plants (Anthophytes)

Question 69

Do Anthophytes have naked seeds?

Answer 69

No, their seeds are protected by fruit

Question 70

What is the reproductive structure of Anthophytes?

Answer 70

Flowers

Question 71

Why are flowers brightly colored?

Answer 71

To attract pollinators

Question 72

What is the male portion of the flower called?

Answer 72

Stamen

Question 73

What section of a Stamen collects and stores pollen grains?

Answer 73

Anther

Question 74

What is the female portion of the flower called?

Answer 74

Pistil

Question 75

This part of the Pistil is the sticky top of the carpel meant to trap pollen

Answer 75

Stigma

Question 76

This part of the Pistil is the stalk of the carpel

Answer 76

Style

Question 77

This part of the Pistil is at the base of the carpel, it is enlarged, and contains ovules

Answer 77

Ovary

Question 78

What does it mean to be Heterotrophic?

Answer 78

To obtain nutrients through ingestion

Question 79

This terms refers to body parts radiating from the center of the body, resulting in multiple even cuts in dissection.

Answer 79

Radial Symmetry

Question 80

This term refers to a body having a mirror-image of the right and left side, resulting in only one even cut in dissection

Answer 80

Bilateral Symmetry

Question 81

This term refers to the first opening during embryonic development forming to become the mouth

Answer 81

Protostome

Question 82

This term refers to the first opening during embryonic development forming to become the anus

Answer 82

Deuterostome

Question 83

This section of an animal helps protect suspended organs from injury

Answer 83

Body Cavity

Question 84

This term refers to animals that lack an internal skeleton made of bone

Answer 84

Invertebrates

Question 85

This invertebrate has no body symmetry, is a suspension feeder, and is sessile.

Answer 85

Sponges

Question 86

This invertebrate has radial symmetry, two different forms (Polyp and Medusa), and are Cnidocytes

Answer 86

Cnidarians

Question 87

This invertebrate has bilateral symmetry. Some of them are free-living and others are parasites.

Answer 87

Flatworms

Question 88

This invertebrate has bilateral symmetry, a fluid filled body cavity, a cuticle for protection, and are sometimes parasitic.

Answer 88

Nematoads (Round Worms)

Question 89

This invertebrate is soft-bodied. While not all have a hard shell, most do, and all have a mantle from which a hard shell was once secreted during a previous evolutionary phase.

Answer 89

Mollusks

Question 90

This invertebrate has body segmentation and bilateral symmetry

Answer 90

Annelids (Segmented worms)

Question 91

This invertebrate has bilateral symmetry, jointed appendages, and grows by molting an exoskeleton

Answer 91

Arthropods

Question 92

This invertebrate has radial symmetry as adults, are Deuterostomes, have spiny skin, and a water based vascular system

Answer 92

Echinoderms

Question 93

This term refers to animals that have an internal skeleton made of bone

Answer 93

Vertebrates

Question 94

These vertebrates have a hollow nerve cord on their dorsal, and at one point will have the following: 1. A Notochord 2. Pharyngeal Slits 3. A Post-Anal tail

Answer 94

Chordates