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evolution unit test Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 mechanisms

A

pinky - genetic drift
ring - non random mating
middle - mutations
pointer - gene flow
thumb - natural selection

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2
Q

what are mutations\

A

changes that occur in DNA
only source of new alleles

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3
Q

what is beneficial mutation

A

mutations are rare but the environment selects them which results from them growing overtime

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4
Q

what is a neutral mutation

A

occur in no regions of genetic material so it doesn’t harm or benefit the organism

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5
Q

what is a harmful mutation

A

occur frequently but environment selects against them so alleles that come from them are rare

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6
Q

what is natural selection

A

organisms with advantages heritable traits are selected for an survive and reproduce

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7
Q

what is selective pressure

A

selects for or against a certain traits that allows the organism to survive and reproduce a viable offspring

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8
Q

what are the 3 modes of natural selection

A

disruptive
directional
stabilizing

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9
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

selects for the extreme phenotypes

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10
Q

what is directional selection

A

selects for just one extreme aspect of trait

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11
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

selects against the characteristics that differ form the most common ancestors

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of non random mating

A

inbreeding
preferred phenotypes
sexual selection

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13
Q

what is inbreeding

A

incest

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14
Q

what are preferred phenotypes

A

selects for a mate based on physical and behavioural traits

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of preferred phenotypes

A

disassortative
when a mate selects for someone who doesn’t look like them

assortative
when a mate selects for someone who is like them

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16
Q

what is sexual selection

A

when a female (most of the time) chooses a mate by their physical and behavioural traits (strongest, most colorful)

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17
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

the differences between females and males

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18
Q

difference between natural and sexual selection

A

natural focuses on reproductive and survival success but sexual focuses on passing of traits

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19
Q

difference between preferred phenotypes and sexual selection

A

allele frequency changes in sexual selection but not in preferred phenotypes

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20
Q

what is genetic drift

A

change in gene or allele frequency in small populations

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21
Q

what is the bottleneck effect (genetic drift)

A

large temporary reduction in the pop that results in lots of genetic drift
some alleles may be lost forever because only some individuals survive and reproduce

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22
Q

what is founders effect

A

when a small population leaves to make their own population distanced from old one

causes limited amount of alleles to be present

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23
Q

what is gene flow

A

movement of alleles from one pop to another by the moving of individuals
alters allele frequency
increases genetic diversity

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24
Q

what is macroevolution

A

progression of biodiversity over a long period of time

descent of many species from a common ancestor

involves speciation and extinction

25
what is microevolution
changes in allele frequencies within a population over successive generations
26
what is allele frequency
number of copies of an allele compared to the total number of alleles in a population
27
what are the 3 types of adaptations
structural physiological behavioural
28
what is structural adaptation
specific part or feature of organisms body ex : fluffy feathers, mimicry, camouflage
29
what is physiological adaptation
permits an organism to preform a specific function ex : hibernation
30
what is behavioural adaptation
ways an organism acts ex : migration, hunting strategies
31
what is fitness ( reproductive success )
the relative contributor an organism makes to the next generation by producing offsprings that a VIABLE
32
what is variation
the difference between individuals
33
what are mutations
the starting point of genetic variation in populations the changes in the DNA of an organism - provide new alleles in a population - the only source of new genetic variation within a species
34
what are adaptations
structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment
35
what is biological evolution
an inherited change that happens within a population changes in allele frequencies in populations
36
what is the connection between mutations variations adaptations
An adaptation develops when a specific variation (random, heritable mutation in DNA) provides a select advantage (genetic advantage that improves an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction) This advantageous variation will gradually accumulate in a population
37
what is comparative anatomy
study of similarities and differences in anatomy between species
38
biochemical analysis
scientitist can determine how closely related two organisms are by comparing DNA and proteins
39
embryology
the study of early pre birth stages of an organism development embryos of closely related organism often have similar stages in development
40
biogeography
the study of distribution of organisms and ecosystems in space and through geological time
41
what is the definition of a species
a group that has morphological differences from all other forms
42
what is speciation
the formation of new species
43
what are the 2 modes of speciation
allopatric : Most new species form when a single species are separated by a geographical barrier physical separation prevents the exchange of genetic information sympatric : Individuals within a population become genetically isolated from the larger population without geographic isolation a population of a species within a single geographical region splits into separate gene pools and forms separate species.
44
how do populations become reproductively isolated in sympatric speciation
reproductive isolating mechanisms
45
what is reproductive isolating mechanisms
any behavioural structural or biochemical trait that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing successfully
46
what is prezygotic reproducing isolating mechanism
isolating mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization
47
what is a postzygotic reproducing isolating mechanism
isolating mechanisms that prevent viable or fertile offspring
48
what are the 3 mating prevention's (prezygotic)
ecological isolation temporal isolation behavioural isolation
49
what is ecological isolation
species that occupy separate habitats or separate niches of the same habitat do not meet to mate
50
what is temporal isolation
Temporal conditions refer to time of day, seasons or different years Different species mate at different times
51
what is behavioural isolation
The courtship and mating cues for attracting a mate are very specific for each species Distinctive mating rituals in one species will not be recognized by another
52
what are the 2 fertilizing prevention's (prezygotic)
mechanical isolation gametic isolation
53
what is mechanical isolation
Structural differences in reproductive organs prevent copulation (the key does not fit the lock)
54
what is gametic isolation
Prevents fertilization at the molecular level Egg and sperm fail to fuse
55
what are the postzygotic reproducing isolating mechanisms
zygotic mortality hybrid inviability hybrid infertility
56
what is zygotic mortality
Fertilized zygotes die before birth Chromosomes are not compatible
57
what is hybrid inviability
The embryo develops and dies before birth or is born alive, experiences reduced survival and does not survive to reproduce
58
what is hybrid infertility
Hybrids do develop normally and reach sexual maturity, but are sterile (do not produce viable gametes)
59
what are fossils
a fossil is a chronological collection of a life’s remains n sedimentary rock layers, tar pits shows history of life by showing the kinds of species that were alive in the past

biology - evolution (3 decks)

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