Exam 1 Flashcards
(310 cards)
1
Q
Nutrition definition: utilization of foods by living organisms for _______. (5)
A
growth, reproduction, production, performance, and maintenance of health
2
Q
What are nutrients?
A
substances and/or qualities of foods required for life, growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues
3
Q
What are the 2 broad groups of nutrients?
A
organic compounds
inorganic elements
4
Q
Examples of nutrients as classes of substances (4)
A
Fiber
Energy
Omega-3 fatty acids
Vitamin A
5
Q
What “nutrient” class of substances is = bioavailable chemical bond energy in organic substances?
A
energy
6
Q
What “nutrient” class of substances is = many substances that are variably water soluble + fermentable by GI tract microbes?
A
fiber
7
Q
What “nutrient” class of substance is = fatty acid w/ double bond between 3rd & 4th carbons from methyl terminus?
A
omega-3 fatty acids
8
Q
What “nutrient” class of substance is = organic substances that have varying vitamin A activity?
A
Vitamin A
9
Q
What is an “essential nutrient”?
A
substance required for life that can’t be synthesized or synthesized in sufficient amount
10
Q
A “conditionally-essential nutrient” is a substance that is essential under certain conditions such as ____ or ____.
A
physiological stage or disease state
11
Q
What are the 6 essential nutrients for most animals?
A
- water
- energy
- amino acids
- minerals
- vitamins
- fatty acids
12
Q
What is the essential nutrient with the greatest mass of daily intake?
A
water
13
Q
Which essential nutrient has the greatest mass of a diet when water is not considered?
A
energy
14
Q
Which nutrient is half essential, half conditionally-essential and in about 20 diets?
A
amino acids
15
Q
Which essential nutrient is classified by quantity of dietary requirement?
A
minerals
16
Q
List a few examples of macrominerals
A
Ca, P, K, Cl, Na, Mg, S
17
Q
List a few examples of trace or microminerals
A
zinc, iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, iodine, selenium, cobalt, chromium
18
Q
Which essential nutrient is an organic compound with low concentration that are variably provided in foods and broadly classified by solubilities?
A
vitamins
19
Q
What are the 2 classes of vitamins?
A
fat soluble vitamins
water soluble vitamins
20
Q
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
A
vitamins A, D, E, K
21
Q
Which vitamins are water soluble?
A
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotic, folic acid, pantothenic acid, B6, B12, C
22
Q
Which essential nutrient is most abundantly in diet esterified in triacylglycerol?
A
fatty acids
23
Q
2 categories of fatty acids
A
Omega-6 or n6 series
Omega-3 or n-3 series
24
Q
Which category of fatty acids are a-linolenic acid, EPA, DHA in?
A
omega-3 or n-3 series
25
Which category of fatty acids are linoleic acid and arachidonic acid in?
omega-6 or n-6 series
26
Nutrients must be provided in proper _____ and _____ relative to one another.
amounts
proportions
27
Deficiency (too little), excess (too much), or disproportion of nutrients = _______.
malnutrition
28
Nutrient amount and proportion needs to vary with ______ and _____.
physiological state
diseased states
29
What are 4 examples of physiological state important for varying nutrient amount & proportion?
1. growth
2. maintenance
3. gestation
4. lactation
30
What is "a concept of animal response to nutrient intake"?
optimal nutrition
31
For optimal nutrition, nutrients are provided in amounts of proportions that optimize a ______ or ______ important response.
physiologically
economically
32
The Nutrient-Animal Response Relationship Curve has ______ on the x-axis and ______ on the y-axis.
concentration of a nutrient
animal response
33
What is the portion of the Nutrient-Animal Response Relationship Curve when the response variable increases with increasing nutrient concentration?
deficiency range
34
The deficiency range of the nutrient-animal response relationship curve indicates the diet has ______.
too little nutrient
35
What is the part of the Nutrient-Animal Response Relationship curve where the response variable increases with increasing nutrient amount, but with diminishing returns with further increases in nutrient amount?
suboptimal range
36
(T/F) The suboptimal range of the nutrient-animal response relationship curve is never desired for companion animals.
False - condition usually not desired
37
Suboptimal range sometimes is sought for _____ or _____.
health or economy
38
What is the part of the nutrient-animal response relationship curve where the response does not change with increasing nutrient amount?
optimal range
39
What is the part of the nutrient-animal response relationship curve where the response decreases with increasing nutrient amount?
excess range
40
Which condition is usually desired on the nutrient-animal response relationship?
optimal range
41
Excess of a nutrient may cause _____ of another?
deficiency
42
Determining optimal nutrient concentration can be difficult because why?
1. more than one response variable can determine the optimal nutrient amount
2. body reserves of nutrient affect response to dietary concentration
43
What is "nutrient requirement"?
minimum dietary amount of highly bioavailable nutrient that optimizes a response important to physiological function
44
What term means "readily obtained from diet for use in tissues"?
bioavailable
45
A highly bioavailable nutrient is efficiently _____ and ____.
digested
absorbed
46
A nutrient requirement varies with _______.
physiological state
47
Nutrient requirements for lactation are usually (greater than / less than) nutrient requirement for growth.
greater than
48
What is the "minimum dietary amount of a nutrient that should be presented in practical formulation that maintains health"?
nutrient allowance
49
Nutrient allowance is for ____, not a single response variable.
health
50
Nutrient allowance is typically (greater than / less than) its corresponding nutrient requirement.
greater than
51
(T/F) Nutrient requirement = nutrient allowance + safety factor.
False: nutrient allowance = nutrient requirement + safety factor
52
Why is a safety factor used in determining nutrient allowance? (4)
1. bioavailability < 100%
2. nutrient content of ingredients varies
3. individuals vary in ability to assimilate nutrients
4. nutrient requirements are extrapolated across species
53
Shortfalls of nutrient allowances (regarding safety factors) (3)
1. SFs theoretical, not empirical
2. SFs based on incorrect assumptions (bioavailability & nutrient contents in ingredients)
3. SFs don't account for dietary interactions that affect bioavailability
54
(T/F) There is no one best diet or food for any animal species.
True (many combos can suffice)
55
(T/F) Knowing nutrient composition of any diet with complete certainty is simple.
False - difficult
56
What are 3 useful estimates of dietary nutrient composition?
1. proximate analysis
2. guaranteed analysis
3. average nutrient content
57
Proximate analysis is also known as _____.
Wende Analysis
58
Proximate analysis is a __________ of dietary nutritional value, used by regulators.
crude estimation
59
What 6 physical-chemical characteristics are used for Proximate Analysis?
1. moisture
2. crude fat
3. crude fiber
4. ash
5. crude protein
6. nitrogen free extract (NFE)
60
What is a good estimate of water content of a diet?
moisture
61
What is a rough estimate of dietary fat?
crude fat
62
What is a rough estimate of dietary fiber?
crude fiber
63
What is a rough estimate of dietary mineral content?
ash
64
What is a rough estimate of protein content in a diet?
crude protein
65
What is a rough estimate of the digestible carbohydrate content of a diet?
nitrogen free extract (NFE)
66
Nitrogen free extract is the weight of "as is" (plus/minus) the sum of weights of moisture, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, and crude protein.
minus
67
What is "a listing of proximate analysis results" and other assay results 'guaranteed' by the manufacturer"?
guaranteed analysis
68
Guaranteed analysis is of value but limited because results of the "analysis" are: (3)
1. minimums or maximums
2. often incomplete listings
3. derived from proximate analysis
69
What is better than proximate and guaranteed analyses for assessing nutritional adequacy?
average nutrient content
70
The bulk of ___ is used for fulfilling an animal's need for energy.
dietary dry matter weight
71
What is the primary cost of feeding animals?
provision energy
72
What is the variable of primary importance of deciding how much diet is to be fed?
energy
73
All nutrients much be provided in proper _____ to dietary energy.
proportion
74
(T/F) Animals eat for a sensed deficiency of other nutrients like proteins, minerals, or vitamins.
False!
75
Why do animals eat?
for energy
76
What does the energy density of a diet determine?
whether concentration of a nutrient in a diet is adequate
77
4 ways the energy value of diets are quantified (4)
1. calorie
2. kilocalorie
3. megacalorie
4. joule
78
What is "the amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1g of water from 14.5 to 15.5 C.
calorie
79
(T/F) The calorie is too small for general use in nutrition.
True!
80
What is the standard abbreviation for kilocalorie? How many calories are in a kilocalorie?
kcal
1000 calories
81
How many kilocalories are in a megacalorie?
1000 kcal
82
What is the "international standard energy unit"?
joule
83
What 4 systems are used to measure diet energy content?
1. gross energy (GE)
2. digestible energy (DE)
3. metabolizable energy (ME)
4. net energy (NE)
84
What is the energy value of a diet estimated from heat released from complete combustion in oxygen atmosphere?
gross energy
85
Gross energy represents a theoretical ________ energy that can be obtained from a foodstuff.
maximum possible
86
Gross energy can be estimated without a bomb calorimeter by using assumed _______ for protein, fat, and carbohydrate.
average gross energy values
87
Crude protein gross energy value (GE)
5.65
88
Crude fat gross energy value (GE)
9.40
89
Carbohydrate (nitrogen free extract) gross energy value (GE)
4.15
90
(T/F) The gross energy of a food gives little information of the actual energy available to an animal.
True
91
Digestive Energy =
DE = gross energy of food minus gross energy of feces
DE = GEfood - GEfeces
92
Digestible energy is sometimes termed _____ because feces contain more than undigested food.
apparent digestible energy
93
Digestible energy calculation accounts for _______.
digestibility of protein/fat/carb
uses "digestibility coefficients"
94
Digestibility coefficient of crude protein
0.861
95
Digestibility coefficient of crude fat
0.951
96
Digestibility coefficient of carbohydrate
0.764
97
What is the definition / equation for Metabolizable Energy (ME)?
ME = gross energy food minus gross energy feces/urine/combustible gases
ME = GEfood - (GEfeces + GEurine + GEgases)
98
Why can't all energy in food be used in metabolic processes? (2)
1. some chemical bond energy lost in urine
2. some food energy lost in fermentation by microbes
99
What two combustible gases can some chemical bond energy in food be lost from?
methane
hydrogen
100
Which species does substantial microbial fermentation occur in?
ruminants
those with extensive post-gastric fermentation
101
Metabolizable energy values are also known as ________ and are assigned to protein, fat, and carbohydrate.
physiological fuel values
102
Crude protein physiological fuel value
3.5
103
Crude fat physiological fuel value
8.5
104
Carbohydrate physiological fuel value
3.5
105
Metabolizable energy values assigned to protein/fat/carb for human diets are (greater/less) than those for dog/cat diets because digestion coefficients of dog/cat are assumed to be (more/less) than human food.
greater
less
106
Metabolizable energy values of protein/fat/NFE are also known as __________.
modified atwater factors
107
The total digestible nutrient system provides energy index value for diets for what kind of animals?
herbivores
108
Total digestible nutrient system (TDN) estimates in terms of _______-equivalent energy.
carbohydrate
109
Total digestible nutrient system usually (underestimates/overestimates) available energy.
overestimates
110
What two energy types are usually overestimated in Total Digestible Nutrient System?
carbohydrate energy
fiber energy
111
The Net Energy (NE) of a diet was developed for estimation of energy requirement in growing animals, particular in ______.
cattle
112
How does the Net Energy (NE) differ from Metabolizable Energy (ME)?
subtracts heat increment
(energy loss in heat)
113
Heat increment (used in Net Energy) is also called ______.
specific dynamic action
114
Heat increment varies based on what?
physiological state
115
(T/F) Heat increment for maintenance is greater than gain.
False - gain > maintenance
116
What state is "when body mass & energy content is constant"?
maintenance state
117
(T/F) In the Maintenance State: energy of food is completely utilized (no net storage or loss) and all energy released from food is released as heat.
True
118
What is "the amount of energy required to sustain the maintenance state"?
maintenance energy requirement (MER)
119
MER (maintenance energy requirement) is a sum of what 4 categories?
1. heat increment
2. basal metabolism
3. physical activity
4. body temp regulation
120
Heat increment is energy used in _____, _____, and ______ of food.
digestion
assimilation
metabolism
121
Heat increment of ruminants is (small/large) and (greater/less) than 30% of the MER.
large
greater
122
Due to the heat increment, feeding ruminants is (advantageous/hindrance) in cold temps, while (advantageous/hindrance) in warm temps.
advantageous
hindrance
123
What is the largest component of MER (maintenance energy requirement)?
basal metabolism
124
Basal metabolism is mostly processes of _______.
cellular maintenance
125
What term refers to "the energy need/use of basal metabolism"?
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
126
What 4 conditions is BMR determined from?
1. post-adsorptive state
2. awake
3. at rest
4. thermoneutral environment
127
BMR = __ x Mkg^__.
BMR = 70 x Mkg^0.75 (kcal/day)
128
BMR on a per kilogram basis (increases/decreases) as animal body mass (increases/decreases).
decreases
increases
129
What is a commonly use approximation of BMR?
resting energy requirement (RER)
130
Because most hospitalized animals are minimally active and not eating much, what equation is used to estimate RER (resting energy requirement)?
BER equation
RER (~=BMR) = 70 x Mkg^0.75 (kcal/day)
131
For animals between ___ and ___ kg, a common linear transformation of RER equation is used.
2 & 45
132
What is the linear transformation of RER equation used for animals 2 to 45 kg?
RER = 30 x Mkg + 70 (kcal/day)
133
(T/F) Energy of physical activity is variable in animals at the maintenance state.
True
134
What are 2 examples of thermal regulation in cold environments?
shivering & non-shivering thermogenesis
135
What are 3 examples of thermal regulation in hot environments?
panting
gular fluttering
sweating
136
Using body weight, an equation is calculated using a(n) _______ to estimate MER. (MER = RER x ______).
activity factor
137
Activity factor for neutered adult dogs
1.6
138
Activity factor for intact adult dogs
1.8
139
Activity factor for inactive/obese prone adult dogs
1.2 - 1.4
140
Activity factor for neutered adult cats
1.2 - 1.4
141
Activity factor for intact adult cats
1.4 - 1.6
142
Activity factor for inactive/obese prone adult cats
1.0
143
Adult ______s for which MER is unknown, MER is roughly twice RER.
mammals
MER = RER x ~2
144
(T/F) Great variation is observed in MER within populations of animals.
True
145
Variation in MER within populations of animals is due to ______ and ______ differences.
activity & energy efficiency
146
Growth is more energetically demanding than maintenance because:
support current body tissues +
expand body tissue mass
147
Energy requirement for growth varies with ______.
maturity
148
MER during weaning
2.0
149
MER at 40% grown
1.6
150
MER at 80% grown
1.2
151
(T/F) DERgrowth (daily energy requirement during growth) requires re-estimation depending on body condition.
True
152
What two things are more energetically demanding than maintenance and growth?
gestation + lactation
153
Why are gestationlactation more energetically demanding than maintenance/growth? (2)
1. energy put into products
2. energy expended in making of products
154
DERgestation of dogs does not need to increases much above MER until _____.
last third of gestation
155
(T/F) DERgestation of cats increases substantially from conception to gestation.
False - linear!
156
Which physiological state has the most demanding daily energy requirement?
lactation
157
DERlactation greatly increases with increasing ______.
litter size
158
For determining DER during pregnancy, use a multiplier of MER depending on _______.
gestational stage
159
For determining DER during lactation, use a multiplier of MER depending on ______.
litter size
160
The energy requirement in illness/injury is often (lower/higher) than MER.
lower
161
(T/F) The energy requirement in most illness/injury states "initially" should be assumed to be no more than RER.
True
162
____ can be used to estimate ideal weight for overweight patients.
RER
163
Purina 9-point BCS: what percent of body fat does a patient have from score 5/9-9/9?
5/9: 20%
6/9: 25%
7/9: 30%
8/9: 35%
9/9: 40%
164
When can patients be fed above RER (still not greater than preg/lactation/growth)?
very severe injury
165
The increase in energy requirement in severe injury is usually only as great as ____.
MER
166
(T/F) Underfeeding patients can be worse than overfeeding.
FALSE - overfeeding can be worse
167
Why can overfeeding be worse than underfeeding?
1. regurg/V+/D+ (feeding tube/catheter)
2. metabolic derangements
168
What are a few examples of metabolic derangements that can occur with overfeeding of patients?
hypokalemia
metabolic acidosis
hyperglycemia
over-hydration
169
Which type of animal are carbs essential? Which are mostly non-essential?
herbivores
dogs/cats
170
Bioavailable carbohydrate is (less/more) expensive energy than protein/fat.
less
171
Bioavailable carbohydrate is substituted for fat/protein in some diets for what purpose?
therapeutic diets to manage disease
172
Bioavailable carbohydrate is conditionally essential in dogs when ____ is marginal.
dietary protein
173
(T/F) Bioavailable carbohydrate is conditionally essential in cats when protein is marginal.
False - not nutritionally essential
174
When dietary protein is low, what are 2 benefits for carbohydrate in cat diets during lactation?
1. reduce lactational weight loss
2. reduce mobilization of protein in lactation
175
3 types of commercial dog/cat foods with carbohydrate
1. extruded/expanded dry (kibble)
2. semi-moist
3. canned/wet
176
Kibble/dry-type diets contained >30% carbohydrate as _____.
starch
177
Extrusion of dry diet types requires that ingredients contain sufficient starch to form _______?
gelatinized-dough
178
What are two reasons carbohydrates are used in semi-moist diets?
preservatives
humectants
179
Two examples of carbohydrates in semi-moist diet?
sucrose
high-fructose corn syrup
180
(T/F) Propylene glycol is a non-carbohydrate humectant alternative for dog and cat foods.
False - NOT in cat food!
181
Propylene glycol induces oxidative damage in ______ of cats and causes what disease?
RBCs
Heinz bodies / anemia
182
(T/F) Canned cat food but not dog food is typically low in carbohydrate.
True
183
Saccharides are carbohydrates that are made of what two chemical compoounds?
polyhydroxy aldehydes
ketones
184
Carbohydrates are (first/second) reaction derivatives.
first
185
What is an example of a first reaction derivate of carbohydrate which is a phosphate-containing saccharide found in cereal brans?
phytates
186
Phytates substantially bind _____.
cations
187
4 types of carbohydate polymers
monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides
188
3 important monosaccharides
hexoses (glucose, fructose, galactose)
189
3 important disaccharides
lactose
sucrose
lactulose
190
What type of carb polymer has 3 to 10 monosaccharides?
oligosaccharide
191
Two examples of oligosaccharides
raffinose
stachyose
192
Two main classes of polysaccharides
starches
fibers
193
3 examples of starches
amylose
amylopectin
glycogen
194
4 examples of fibers (polysaccharide)
hemicellulose
cellulose
pectins
gums
195
Chemical structure of lactose (linkage + 2 molecules)
B 1,4 linked glucose + galactose
196
What disaccharide is not readily digested in adults?
lactose
197
Chemical structure of lactulose (linkage + 2 molecules)
B 1,4 linked galactose + fructose
198
Which disaccharide is the primary carb in milk?
lactose
199
Lactose contributes to ____ and ____ of milk.
energy
osmolarity
200
What species does not digest lactose?
birds
201
Why is lactose not readily digested in adults?
animals have alpha 1,4 linkages that are digested, while lactose has B 1,4
202
Which disaccharide is used clinically and not absorbed/digested/hydrolyzed by mammalian enzymes?
lactulose
203
Sucrose chemical structure (linkage + 2 molecules)
a 1,4 linked glucose + fructose
204
(T/F) Cats are indifferent to sucrose/sweet substances.
True
205
If sucrose is too high, cats can develop _____.
fructosuria
206
Which disaccharide has a positive effect on the acceptability of food and digested by dogs & cats but can cause dental cavities?
sucrose
207
Starch chemical structure (linkage + molecules)
a 1,4 + 1,6 linkages of glucose
208
Starch can be in straight chains (_____) or chains with branches (______).
amylose
amylopectin
209
______ occur in semicrystalline granules that are variably resistance to _____.
plant starches
digestion
210
______ cause gelatinizing of starch granules which increases ____ of starches.
high moisture/heat
digestibility
211
What is "a proteinacous by-product starch extraction from grains?
gluten
212
Glutens have (low/high) water solubility but structure varies with grain.
low
213
(T/F) Wheat gluten is often associated with food hypersensitivity in dogs.
False - rarely
214
Why are plant starches not well tolerated in neonates?
lack sufficient amylase activity to readily utilize starch
215
Which polysaccharide is densely packed, water-insoluble material in plant cell wall fibrils?
cellulose
216
Cellulose chemical structure + molecule
B 1,4 linkages of glucose
217
Cellulose's structure prevents digestion by ____ enzymes
animal
218
_______ slowly ferment cellulose
GI microbes
219
Why can microbes ferment cellulose while they cannot be digested by animal enzymes?
microbes produce B 1,4 glucosidases unlike animals
220
Organic acids from cellulose by microbes fermentation are a substantial energy source for what kinds of animals?
ruminants
post-gastric fermenters
221
Which polysaccharide is chemically/structurally different from cellulose with 50 to 200 units in length with branching?
hemicellulose
222
Hemicellulose is (soluble/insoluble) in water and (can/cannot) be digested by animals.
insoluble
cannot
223
Which polysaccharide is found in plants but DOES provide good water solubility (unlike cellulose/hemicellulose)?
pectins + gums
224
Which polysaccharide is a water-insoluble polymer of amino sugars found in fungi, yeast, and invertebrates?
chitin
225
(T/F) Chitin is not digested by animals but fermented by GI microbes.
True
226
What substance is "structurally diverse, considered to be remnants of edible plant cells including polysaccharides, lignin, other substances resistant to digestion by animal host"?
dietary fiber
227
What are 3 examples of non-polysaccharide dietary fibers?
lignin
cutins & suberins
228
What dietary fiber gives a "woody" quality to plants and water insoluble?
lignin
229
(T/F) Lignin cannot be digested by host OR GI microbes.
True
230
What dietary fibers give "waxy" qualities to plants?
cutins + suberins
231
What non-polysaccharide dietary fiber is polyfunctional phenol polymers infiltrated through cellulose of plant cells?
lignin
232
3 properties of dietary fiber
1. not digested by host
2. variably water soluble
3. variably fermentable by GI microbes
233
4 uses of dietary fiber in dogs/cats
1. weight reduction
2. treat chronic diarrhea
3. up fecal bulk/moisture
4. manage diabetes mellitus
234
Term for "categorical reference to lipid in food"
fat
235
Term for "food lipids that are liquid at room temperature"
oils
236
Term for "food lipids are that solid at room temperature"
fats
237
Food lipids are (soluble/insoluble) in organic solvents.
soluble (ex. ether)
238
Most dietary fat is _______ (structure)
triacyglycerol
239
_____ is the largest body store of triacylglycerol.
adipose
240
Lipid structure
glycerol backbone + fatty acid chains
241
The functional importance of dietary fats is provision of ______ and _____.
energy and nutrients
242
Fat has ____ times more ______ energy than protein & carbohydrate on a weight basis.
2.25
metabolizable
243
Fat is used to increase dietary energy ______ for certain conditions.
density
244
Fat increases energy density/mass of diet for what conditions?
lactation, growth, physical performance
clinical conditions (assisted feeding, can't chew, aged horses)
245
2 essential fatty acids that dietary fat provides
omega-6 & omega-3 fatty acids
246
Dietary fat is essential for absorption of some ______.
vitamins
247
Which vitamins are fat-soluble?
A, D, E, K
248
Reason fat is used that is non-essential
feed palatability modifier
249
A positive palatant for dogs/cats is fat of (plant/animal) origin.
animal (NOT plant)
250
(T/F) Fat of animal origin is more expensive than carbohydrate.
True
251
What undesired effect is promoted by fat of animal origin?
weight gain
252
(T/F) Fat use is abundant and useful in ruminants.
False - limited inclusion but useful
253
Basis for lower limit of dietary fat is ____ to ___% dietary dry weight.
2 to 5
254
(T/F) Essential fats are polyunsaturated.
True
255
What does fat reduce in ruminant diets that makes it useful?
dustiness (improves diet + energy intake)
256
Fat in ruminant diets is reduced to ___ to ___% because of depression of what?
5 to 7
rumen microflora
257
How many carbons are present in essential fatty acids?
18 carbons or longer
258
Essential fatty acids are identified by their _____ length and position/number of ______.
chain length
double bonds
259
Saturated fatty acids have ____ double bond(s) and monounsaturated fatty acids have ___ double bond(s).
no
1
260
Term for "fatty acids with two or more double bonds"
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
261
The numbers after the delta symbol in chemical numbering system are positions of double bonds counting from and including the _______ of the fatty acid.
carboxyl carbon
262
What 2 numbering systems do nutritionists use for fats?
omega
methyl-end
263
The first number in chemical numbering systems indicate the number of _____. The number after the colon is number of _____.
carbons
double bonds
264
(T/F) Animals have desaturases that can introduce double bonds beyond 9 carbons from carboxyl end of fatty acid.
FALSE - do not have
265
Animal don't have desaturases that can introduce double bonds beyond __ carbons from the _____ end.
9
carboxyl end
266
Term for "enzymes that introduce double bonds"
desaturases
267
A (cis/trans) isomer of desaturases is formed in animals.
cis (NOT trans)
268
Animals have physiological needs for ___ carbons and greater fatty acids with double bonds at the ___ or ___ positions.
18
n-3 (or w-3)
n-6 (or w-6)
269
(T/F) Animals can synthesize 18 carbons with greater fatty acids with double bonds at the n-3 and n-6 positions.
FALSE - cannot synthesize!
270
Animals can synthesize fatty acids up to ___ carbons in length.
16
271
(T/F) Animals can elongate essential and non-essential fatty acids from carboxyl end up to 24 carbons in length.
True
272
What enzymes do animals use to elongate fatty acids?
elongases
273
What are the 3 essential fatty acids?
linoleic acid
arachidonic acid
omega-3 series fatty acids
274
Which essential fatty acid is required in the largest amount in diet?
linoleic acid
275
Chemical number of Linoleic Acid
C18:2w6 or C18:2n6
276
Which essential fatty acid is in many vegetable oils and fat from animals eating vegetable sources?
linoleic acid
277
Arachidonic acid chemical number
20:4w6 or 20:4n6
278
Which essential nutrient is essential for cats? Why?
arachidonic acid
lack delta-6 desaturase
279
Which essential fatty acid is "conditionally-essential" nutrient in neonates of some species?
arachidonic acid
280
Why are cats distinguished as obligate carnivores?
arachidonic acid does not occur in plants
281
3 essential fatty acids in the omega-3 series
a-linolenic acid
docosahexaenoic acid
eicosapentaenoic
282
What omega-3 series essential fatty acid is NOT found in plants?
docosahexaenoic acid
283
(T/F) It's unclear if a-linolenic acid is essential nutrient apart from being a precursor to DHA & EPA.
True
284
Which acid is obtained mostly from plants and a precursor to DHA & EPA?
a-linolenic acid
285
Chemical number for a-linolenic acid
18:3w3
286
DHA + EPA synthesis from ALA are (slow/fast) in adults and nearly ____ in cats
slow
absent
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(T/F) DHA + EPA synthesis from ALA are (adequate/inadequate) in neonates.
inadequate
288
(T/F) a-linolenic acid, DHA, EPA, are added to milk replacers.
False: ALA not, DHA/EPA variably added
289
Docosahexaenoic acid chemical number
22:6w3 or 22:6n3
290
Which omega-3 series essential fatty acid is in mammalian brain/retina?
docosahexaenoic acid
291
The highest demand for docosahexaenoic acid is during what?
expansion of brain mass (young developing animals)
292
What two essential fatty acids are abundant in marine animals, especially oils?
DHA + EPA
293
Eicosapentaenoic acid chemical number
20:5w3 or 20:5n3
294
3 main body uses of essential fatty acids
1. lipoprotein synthesis
2. reproduction
3. brain function (brain mass)
295
________ are 20-carbon bioactive compounds that are important for cell structure & signaling.
eicosanoids
296
3 essential fatty acid deficiencies
1. linoleic acid def
2. n-3 FA deficiency
3. arachidonic acid def.
297
Signs of linoleic acid deficiency (growth, skin, blood, metabolism)
decreased growth
testicles degenerate & anestrus
scaly skin
anemia/fragile RBCs
decreased energy efficiency
298
2 signs of n-3 FA deficiency
brain & sensory system dysfunction
299
2 signs of arachidonic acid deficiency (growth + reproduction
reduced growth rate
queen cannot maintain pregnancy
300
For dogs & cats, ___ to ___% of dietary metabolizable energy is recommended for dietary fat.
25 - 35
301
"Low fat" diet = () ___% ME.
< 25%
302
"Hight fat" diet = () ___% ME.
> 35% ME
303
Steps in calculation of dietary fat content estimate (3)
1. crude fat x physiological fuel value
2. divide by ME content
3. multiply by 100 (percentage)
304
w6 & w3 fatty acids compete as substrates for lipid mediators important to what 2 processes?
cellular synthesis
signaling pathways
305
w6 "family"
linoleic acid + arachidonic acid
306
w3 "family"
a-linoleic acid + EPA + DHA
307
(T/F) Some eicosanoid derivatives from arachidonic acid have different bioactivities than some eicosanoid derivatives from EPA.
True
308
(High/low) ratio of w6 to w3 fatty acids in diets is suboptimal.
both
309
What 3 ways is manipulation of w3:w6 ratio used for management of disease?
1. fish oils w/ DHA + EPA lowers ratio
2. low ratio = reduce inflammation (osteoarthritis diets)
3. low ratio = modulate renal blood flow (chronic renal failure diets)
310
(T/F) Too much fish oil is detrimental.
True - loose stool, coagulopathy
