Macro-Minerals (Exam 3) Flashcards
1
Q
Essential minerals are inorganic elements that are essential nutrients for all _______.
A
cells
2
Q
___ inorganic elements (minerals) are essential in higher animals.
A
21
3
Q
Two groupings of essential minerals. What are the groupings based on?
A
- macro
- trace or micro
based on quantitative need
4
Q
How much of the dietary dry matter weight is the minimum amount of minerals required by mammals when present as salts?
A
5%
5
Q
What mineral has the greatest quantitative need? Second? Third?
A
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
6
Q
Which two minerals are often deficient in home-made diets for dogs and cats?
A
calcium
potassium
7
Q
(T/F) Animals eat to fulfill a need for minerals.
A
False - primarily for energy
8
Q
(T/F) Most minerals essential to animals are also essential to plants.
A
True
9
Q
Which type of animal is predisposed to mineral deficiencies if consuming a single class of food?
A
omnivore
10
Q
Mineral deficiencies are rare when a carnivore consumes what?
A
entirety of an animal
11
Q
What two ways does mineral deficiency occur in herbivores?
A
- forage doesn’t require mineral
- forage requires less mineral than herbivore needs
12
Q
_______ of minerals varies with physiological state.
A
deficiency risk
13
Q
_______ and _______ can increase the risk of mineral deficiency.
A
growth
reproduction
14
Q
What are 4 common causes of mineral deficiences?
A
- diet formulation error
- GI dysfunction
- excess loss in urine
- excess cutaneous loss
15
Q
Give 4 examples of a dietary formulation error (which can cause mineral deficiency)
A
- concentration too low
- not bioavailable (oxidation state)
- compounds w/in food not bioavailable
- antagonistic effects of minerals
16
Q
GI dysfunction can cause mineral deficiency. What are the 3 ways this can occur?
A
- disease
- rapid transit (diarrhea)
- rapid secretion loss (vomiting/diarrhea)
17
Q
3 diseases which could lead to excess urinary loss of minerals leading to deficiency
A
- diabetes
- ketosis
- osmotic diuresis
18
Q
(T/F) Most foods are high in calcium.
A
False - low
19
Q
What are the 2 exceptions to the rule that most foods are low in calcium?
A
whole animals (skeleton)
natural milk products
20
Q
Cereal grains and seeds are good sources of _______ and poor sources of _______.
A
phosphorus
calcium
21
Q
Which plant family has moderate to high levels of calcium?
A
leguminosae (alfalfa, clovers)
22
Q
Grasses have (high/low) levels of calcium.
A
low
23
Q
(T/F) Few natural foods contain a good amount of vitamin D.
A
true
24
Q
What are the 3 natural food sources with the highest vitamin D?
A
- liver
- fish liver oils
- egg yolk
25
What are the 2 forms of vitamin D in food?
1. ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)
2. cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
26
Vitamin D2 is produced from the UV irradiation of the plant __________ so it is often called "________".
sterol ergosterol
"irradiated plant sterol"
27
What is cholecalciferol or vitamin D3 made from?
skin of animals with sufficient solar UV radiation
28
______ is passively and actively absorbed in the small intestine.
calcium
29
(Active/passive) absorption of calcium is the most important when dietary calcium is (high/low).
active
low
30
(T/F) It is common to have low calcium.
True
31
Calcium absorption is poorly controlled in _____ animals. This means there is concern for what condition?
immature
developmental bone disease
32
Active absorption of calcium varies with abundance of ________.
enterocyte transport proteins
33
Example of enterocyte transport protein important for active absorption of calcium.
calbindin
34
What hormone is derived from vitamin D and modulates amount of available transport proteins and the absorption of calcium?
calcitriol
35
Active absorption of calcium is impaired by ________ deficiency because of ________ hormone.
vitamin D
calcitriol
36
Acute dietary changes in calcium and phosphorus are buffered by _______.
skeletal reserve
37
Deficiency calcium causes what kind of abnormalities during growth and maintenance?
skeletal + joint
38
_______ contains a small but important "pool" of calcium.
plasma
39
Severe changes in calcium levels of plasma have effects on ______ and _____ function and can lead to death.
neural
muscular
40
Absorption efficiency (increases/decreases) when dietary phosphorus is low.
increases
41
Phosphorus absorption is high with ______ and ______ salts and moderate with _____ salts.
sodium
potassium
calcium
42
The high absorption of phosphorus with sodium and potassium salts can lead to what problem?
kidney damage
43
Phosphorus absorption is low when from ________.
grain phytate
44
Similar to calcium, phosphorus deficiency can cause ______ abnormalities during growth and maintenance.
skeletal
45
Vitamin D is lipid (soluble/insoluble) and absorbed with food (proteins/carbs/fats) in the jejunum and ileum.
soluble
fats
46
What 3 things may cause deficiency of the lipid soluble vitamins (AKED)?
1. low dietary fat
2. defective fat absorption
3. poor bile production
47
For many species, vitamin D is synthesized from ______.
skin
48
Which species require vitamin D in their diet? Why?
dogs + cats
skin synthesis not sufficient
49
_______ is synthesized from vitamin D in liver and kidney metabolism.
calcitriol
50
Calcitriol is stored primarily in the _______ and is (very rapidly/very slowly) cleared from the body.
liver
very slowly
51
______ is measured to indicate vitamin D status and toxicity.
plasma/serum calcidiol
52
2 disease names for hypocalcemia (low plasma calcium)
"milk fever"
"lactational tetany"
53
Hypocalcemia occurs in late gestation in _____ and lactation in ____ and ____.
cats
dogs
cows
54
2 signs of hypocalcemia
weakness (neuromuscular)
pale (circulatory dysfunction)
55
With calcium deficiency, calcium of ____ is mobilized via what process?
bone
bone mineralization
56
Disorder where plasma parathyroid hormone is increased due to long-term, low calcium.
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP)
57
High PTH causes damage to what 5 organs/body systems?
1. kidneys
2. CNS
3. PNS
4. cardiac
5. skeletal
58
NSHP is caused by low _____ diets in many species.
calcium
59
"All _____ diets" cause NSHP in dogs and cats.
meat
60
"All _____ diets" cause NSHP in birds.
seed
61
"All ____ diets" cause NSHP in reptiles.
lettuce
62
Disease of defective mineralization of growing bone
rickets
63
What animals are affected by rickets?
young, growing animals
64
Symptoms of Rickets (4)
1. pressure distortion of bone
2. enlarged joints
3. stiffness/lameness
4. irregular dentition/mal-alignment
65
What is Rickets caused by?
low Ca, P, vitamin D diets
66
Disease for softened bone where chronic demineralization occurs after growth plate closure
osteomalacia
67
What animals are affected by Osteomalacia?
mature animals
68
Symptoms of Osteomalacia
1. spontaneous fractures
2. pinching of spinal column
69
Symptoms of Osteomalacia (3)
1. spontaneous fractures of long bones
2. compression fracture of vertebrae
3. pinching of spinal column
70
Match what abnormal plasma concentrations (high/normal/low) of Ca, P, PTH, calcidiol with the mineral deficiency:
1. Calcium
2. Phosphorus
3. Vitamin D
Calcium: norm/low Ca | PTH high
Phosphorus: low P
Vitamin D: high PTH | low calcidiol
71
What can vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus supplementation do in dogs?
worsen skeletal developmental disease
72
What is one of the most potentially toxic minerals?
vitamin D
73
What problems can occur with chronic over-supplementation of vitamin D?
elevate plasma calcium
calcification of kidney, aorta, heart
kidney failure
bone loss
74
Restricting dietary phosphorus prolongs survival in ___________.
renal insufficiency
75
Plasma phosphorus (increases/decreases) with loss of kidney function which lowers plasma ________.
increases
calcium
76
Term for hyperparathyroidism that results from low calcium during kidney failure
renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
77
(T/F) Diets based entirely on plants compared to animal products do not provide adequate sodium.
True
78
Which animals are especially at risk for sodium deficiency?
herbivores
79
Herbivores have a specific hunger for _______.
sodium
80
(T/F) Herbivores only consume the amount of sodium they need.
False - "luxury consume" beyond nutritional need
81
What can high dietary sodium be used for?
1. vehicle to administer trace elements
2. control range supplement intake
3. prevent urolithiasis
82
What things can be used for high sodium to be a vehicle for trace elements?
licks, loose or solid blocks
83
High dietary sodium can prevent _________ in steers, wethers, dogs, and cats.
urolithiasis
84
How does high sodium prevent urolithiasis? (3)
dilute urine
increase volume
increase rate of excretion
85
Low sodium diets are used to treat dogs with ____________.
congestive heart failure
86
How does a low sodium diet help dogs with congestive heart failure?
decreases water retention
87
Processed snack foods are high in _______.
sodium
88
What 3 things decreasing are signs of sodium deficiency?
1. decreased food intake
2. decreased weight gain
3. decreased milk yield
89
What 2 signs are seen with chronic sodium deficiency?
1. polyuria
2. polydipsia
90
(T/F) Sodium plasma levels are a good indicator of sodium deficiency.
False - do not reliably indicate sodium deficiency
91
Sodium toxicity occurs with high dietary _____ and when access to _____ is restricted temporarily or denied.
salt
water
92
Sudden free access to ______ or when _____ are improperly prepared can lead to sodium toxicity.
salt
milk replacers
93
5 symptoms of sodium toxicity
1. disorientation
2. ataxia
3. head pressing
4. paddling
5. death
94
What 3 things can diagnose sodium toxicity?
1. CSF high in Na
2. cerebral edema (histopath)
3. meningoencephalitis (histopath)
95
_________ are well supplied with potassium.
vegetative portions of plants
96
_____ are low in potassium.
grains
97
3 causes of K deficiency
1. plant material drained by rain
2. diet formulation errors
3. diuretic treatments
98
Term for low plasma K
hypokalemia
99
Kittens with potassium deficiency are depressed, losing weight, a (high/low) blood pH, and a characteristic ________ of the head.
high (alkalosis)
rigid ventroflexion
100
A cause of K toxicity is ______ over-supplemental of K while _____ supplemental is usually safe.
parenteral
oral
101
Signs of K toxicity are (high/low) heart rate and what 2 changes on an ECG?
low
lack P waves, spiked T waves
102
What kinds of tissues are well-supplied with magnesium?
muscle, bone, organ tissues
103
Plant sources are (high/low) in bioavailable magnesium.
low
104
Modulating ________ and _______ maintain homeostasis of magnesium.
intestinal absorption
kidney excretion
105
In ruminants, there is substantial pre-intestinal absorption (rumen) of _______.
magnesium
106
2 causes of magnesium deficiency in dogs and cats
1. diabetes
2. low mg diets
107
Why would you feed a dog or cat a low magnesium diet?
prevent urolithiasis (mg ammonium phosphate)
108
2 causes of magnesium deficiency in ruminants
1. lush pasture (adults)
2. low mg in milk (infants)
109
3 signs of magnesium deficiency
1. neuromuscular dysfunction
2. mineralization
3. vascular dysfunction
110
How do you diagnosis magnesium deficiency?
low plasma mg concentration
111
2 cause of magnesium toxicity
cats: high mg in diet (too much bone slurry)
kidney insufficient (less mg excreted)
112
Signs of magnesium toxicity
urolithiasis, UTI
vascular, muscle, CNS signs
