Ruminant Nutrition (Exam 2)

Question 1

45-60% of total cost of producing milk or beef is represented by _____ costs.

Answer 1

feed

Question 2

Optimal nutrition leads to what 2 things in ruminants?

Answer 2

1. better product quality
2. healthier animal

Question 3

What can nutrition predict about animals?

Answer 3

performance

Question 4

What are the products of microbial fermentation?

Answer 4

volatile fatty acids

Question 5

What percent of ruminant energy are made up of VFAs?

Answer 5

80%

Question 6

3 main types of VFAs

Answer 6

1. acetic acid
2. propionic acid
3. butyric acid

Question 7

Give the percentage of the total volatile fatty acids that each type makes up:

1. Acetic Acid
2. Propionic Acid
3. Butyric Acid

Answer 7

1. 55-90%
2. 10-45%
3. 12-18%

Question 8

Acetic Acid is used to build _____ in ruminants.

Answer 8

fat

Question 9

Propionic Acid is used to build ______ in ruminants.

Answer 9

glucose

Question 10

Butyric Acid is important for _______ and for _____ development in the rumen.

Answer 10

ketones
papillae

Question 11

What are 3 management practices that affect ruminant nutrition?

Answer 11

1. lying space
2. bunk space
3. available feed

Question 12

Why is bunk space important in ruminants?

Answer 12

leads to less competition between young & old cows

Question 13

Crude protein is found in ruminant diets and composed of ______ and _____.

Answer 13

protein + non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

Question 14

Fat in a ruminants diet can be fed as ______ such as in grains and oil seed, or in _______ which are in forages.

Answer 14

triglycerides
glycolipids/phospholipids

Question 15

Are proteins fully degraded by the rumen? Fats?

Answer 15

a fraction of protein intake is degraded, a fraction is not

Question 16

In ruminant diets, fats that are (degradable/undegradable) by the rumen are preferable.

Answer 16

undegradable

Question 17

What 3 problems can occur with an excess of degradable fats in the rumen?

Answer 17

1. decreased fiber digestion
2. decreased milk fat
3. decreased income

Question 18

Testing ____ levels can gauge the amount of protein in cattle and indicate if there is an issue with excess protein.

Answer 18

MUN (milk urea nitrogen)

Question 19

4 compartments of the ruminant stomach

Answer 19

1. reticulum
2. rumen
3. omasum
4. abomasum

Question 20

Function of the Reticulum

Answer 20

*rumination

prevent larger particles from continuing in GI tract

Question 21

What occurs in the process of rumination by the reticulum?

Answer 21

anti-peristaltic contractions lead to regurgitation (“cud-chewing”)

Question 22

Function of the Rumen

Answer 22

microbial digestion
use papillae for absorption

Question 23

Function of the Omasum

Answer 23

acts as pump (transfers digesta from reticulum –> abomasum)

absorption

Question 24

Function of the Abomasum

Answer 24

“true stomach”
enzyme secretion

Question 25

What 3 things does the Omasum absorb?

Answer 25

water VFAs bicarbonate

Question 26

3 purposes of rumination process

Answer 26

1. rapidly ingest feed (can chew later) 2. reduce particle size (microbes can use!) 3. increase saliva production (8-10 hours per day)

Question 27

In the rumen, what is the ideal pH? Temperature?

Answer 27

pH: 5.8 - 6.4 Temp: 100-108 F

Question 28

What 3 microbe types are found in the rumen?

Answer 28

1. bacteria 2. protozoa 3. fungi

Question 29

What is the function of resident bacteria in the rumen?

Answer 29

digests fiber + starch

Question 30

For bacteria in the rumen, the fiber digesters respond (slowly/quickly) to change while the starch digesters respond (slowly/quickly) to change.

Answer 30

slowly quickly

Question 31

What is the function of resident protozoa in the rumen?

Answer 31

digest bacteria for protein

Question 32

What is the function of fungi in the rumen?

Answer 32

digest fiber (increase during high fiber diets)

Question 33

Periparturient Hypocalcemia is also known as "_____" which means what?

Answer 33

milk fever low calcium around birth

Question 34

3 symptoms of Periparturient Hypocalcemia

Answer 34

down wobbly staggering

Question 35

3 predispositions of Periparturient Hypocalcemia

Answer 35

1. parity (how many times female has had offspring) 2. breed 3. nutrition

Question 36

What hormone regulates Periparturient Hypocalcemia? Through what endocrine organ?

Answer 36

PTH via parathyroid gland

Question 37

3 ways to prevent Periparturient Hypocalcemia

Answer 37

1. nutrition 2. DCAD 3. calcium binders

Question 38

What is the most important factor in preventing Periparturient Hypocalcemia?

Answer 38

DCAD (dietary cation anion difference)

Question 39

How does DCAD prevent Periparturient Hypocalcemia?

Answer 39

adds a slightly acidotic diet which controls calcium levels

Question 40

What is the most palatable DCAD that is used in diets to prevent Periparturient Hypocalcemia?

Answer 40

HCl

Question 41

What are the 3 types of ketosis?

Answer 41

1. Type I 2. Type II (Fatty Liver) 3. Type III (Butyric Acid)

Question 42

Match the type of Ketosis to its characteristics: 1. insulin resistant; during first 10 day of lactation 2. improper fermentation of silage; feeding ketones to animal 3. not eating enough to meet energy demands; 3-6 weeks into lactation

Answer 42

1. Type II (Fatty Liver) 2. Type III (Butyric Acid) 3. Type I

Question 43

Which type of ketosis needs to address the post-partum diet? Which type needs to address the pre-partum diet?

Answer 43

post-partum: Type I pre-partum: Type II