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Protein (Exam 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Dietary proteins are polymers of ______.

A

amino acids

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2
Q

The amino acids of dietary proteins contain at least one ______ group and at least one _____ group.

A

carboxyl
amino

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3
Q

___ (number) different _ amino acids are commonly found in proteins.

A

20
L-amino acids

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4
Q

Amino acids differ from each other in the structure of ______.

A

side chains (R group)

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5
Q

_____ is a structurally exceptional amino acid not bound to dietary protein.

A

taurine

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6
Q

Taurine has an acidic group that is a ____ rather than carboxylic acid which is located on __ rather than __ carbon.

A

sulfonic
beta
alpha

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7
Q

__ to __ amino acids are nutritionally essential, varying by species.

A

9-11

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8
Q

3 reasons for needing nutritionally essential amino acids

A
  1. metabolites + synthesis of proteins
  2. carbon skeletons (carnitine)
  3. nitrogen + sulfur
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9
Q

(T/F) Half of amino acids in dietary proteins are classified as nutritionally essentially.

A

True

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10
Q

What makes an amino acid “essential”?

A

cannot be synthesized by animal OR not synthesized at sufficient rate

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11
Q

Arginine is essential in ______ but not in other species.

A

dogs/cats

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12
Q

Arginine is conditionally essential in _____ & during _____.

A

neonates
disease

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13
Q

Which amino acid is essential in cats and other “strict” carnivores?

A

taurine

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14
Q

Taurine is conditionally essential in ____ and ____.

A

neonates + adult dogs

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15
Q

Why is taurine conditionally essential in adult dogs? When is it necessary?

A

during dietary deficits

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16
Q

Two dietary deficiencies in which taurine is necessary/essential for dogs?

A
  1. low cysteine + methionine
  2. unexplained dietary interactions
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17
Q

(T/F) Using non-essential amino acids in the diet can increase the dietary need for essential amino acids.

A

False - can reduce need for some essential nutrients

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18
Q

What do “non-essential” amino acids provide which is essential for life?

A

provide amino nitrogen for protein synthesis

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19
Q

Non-protein and non-amino acid sources of nitrogen are used for low-cost substitution for protein in what kind of animals?

A

ruminants

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20
Q

To an extend, _______ make amino acids and protein from non-protein nitrogen sources.

A

rumen microbes

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21
Q

What are 2 common non-protein nitrogen sources?

A

ammonium salts
urea

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22
Q

3 limitations to using ammonium salts as a non-protein nitrogen source.

A
  1. forms ammonia
  2. acidifying
  3. excreted as urea
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23
Q

(T/F) Urea is a prominent source of non-protein in a horse’s diet.

A

False - toxic to horses!

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24
Q

2 limitations of urea as a non-protein nitrogen source

A
  1. produces ammonia
  2. toxic to horses
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25
Nutritional value or "quality" of dietary protein varies with its amino acid ______ and _____.
composition bioavailability
26
List the 4 methods to evaluate protein quality
1. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) 2. Net Protein Utilization (NPU) 3. Biological Value (BC) 4. Chemical Score
27
What is the "first-limiting" amino acid percentage that is a method used to evaluate protein quality?
chemical score
28
(T/F) Crude protein of proximate analysis measures nitrogen content but does not indicate protein content or quality.
True
29
Plant proteins are (higher/lower) quality than animal proteins.
lower
30
Which amino acid is the first-limiting amino acid in cereals like corn, wheat, and rice?
lysine
31
Which 2 amino acids are first-limiting amino acids in meats and legumes?
methionine cysteine
32
Which amino acid is the first limiting amino acid in collagen (gelatin) and also the second limiting amino acid of corn behind lysine?
tryptophan
33
The bioavailability of amino acids in protein is influenced by what 3 things?
1. poor solubility 2. anti-proteolytic factors 3. heat treatment
34
What 3 things have poor solubility of amino acids, and therefore low bioavailability?
1. collagen 2. keratin 3. zein
35
Give an example of an anti-proteolytic factor that decreases amino acid bioavailability
anti-trypsins of soybeans
36
Which two amino acid have crosslinks during heat treatment that can make them less bioavailable/digestable?
lysine cysteine
37
Heat treatment can interfere with amino acid availability by oxidation of amino acid __-groups and isomerization of amino acids from __ to __ forms.
R L D
38
(T/F) Protein digestabilities are similar across species for highly digestible proteins.
True
39
Poorly digestible proteins have (higher/lower) digestibility in cats than in dogs.
lower
40
Dietary protein requirement depends on the profile of ______.
amino acids
41
If an animal is eating the optimal proportions, this will reduce the _____ requirement.
protein
42
Low protein is used in therapeutic diets for what 2 diseases?
kidney + liver disease
43
Protein requirement (increases/decreases) when energy intake (increases/decreases).
increases decreases
44
What is needed to use dietary protein in synthetic processes?
energy
45
(T/F) If you decrease your energy intake, the dietary protein will be used more for energy production.
True
46
Protein concentration (increases/decreases) in weight-loss diets.
increases
47
Why is amount of protein increased in weight-loss diets?
protein preserves muscle while body fat is lost
48
Why is amount of protein increased in weight-loss diets?
protein preserves muscle while losing body fat
49
Protein requirement (increases/decreases) with age.
increases
50
Why does protein requirement increase with age?
lowered energy intake + metabolism differences
51
(T/F) Proteins levels are high in omnivore and herbivore diets.
False - variable
52
In omnivores and herbivores, ______ can be changed in response to protein content in the diet.
protein metabolism
53
(T/F) Carnivores conserve protein well when given a low protein diet.
False - do not conserve well!
54
What two things may occur when diets are more than 50% protein?
decreased food intake weight gain
55
Which amino acid is potentially toxic and has a narrow optimum?
methionine
56
What 3 things can cause protein & amino acid deficiency?
1. no protein in diet 2. lack of complete protein 3. imbalance of energy with protein
57
Term for protein deficiency without severe restriction of energy
kwashiorkor
58
Term for protein deficiency with severe restriction of energy (starvation)
marasmus
59
List a few non-specific physical signs of protein deficiency
decreased muscle mass weight loss poor coat ascites
60
List a few non-specific clinical laboratory findings that may indicate protein deficiency
anemia hypoalbuminemia low blood urea (BUN)
61
3 specific types of single amino acid deficiencies
1. taurine deficiency 2. phenylalanine deficiency 3. histidine + methionine deficiencies
62
What specific amino deficiency is associated with the following signs: dilated cardiomyopathy, central retinal degeneration (cats), poor growth & reproduction
taurine
63
What specific amino acid deficiency is associated with the following sign: black hair turns reddish Brown in dogs & cats
phenylalanine
64
Which 2 amino acid deficiencies are associated with cataracts?
histidine + methionine
65
_______ is a major site for catabolism of most amino acids except leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
liver
66
Because leucine, isoleucine, and valine are not catabolized in the liver, they are termed the "_______ amino acids".
branched-chain
67
The first-step catabolism of branched-chain amin acids occurs where?
muscle, kidney, other non-liver tissues
68
______ amino acids are higher than branched-chain amino acids in liver disease.
aromatic amino acids
69
Which two amino acids are considered "aromatic"?
phenylalanine + tyrosine
70
In liver failure, there is a reduced ability to detoxify what compound?
ammonia
71
Restriction of ______ may prolong life in moderate to severe kidney failure.
dietary protein
72
What percent of nephrons are functional when kidney insufficiency is detected?
25-33
73
In kidney insufficiency, restriction of protein may reduce what 2 things?
reduce damage of nephrons reduce excretion of nitrogen waste
74
How does protein restriction reduce damage of nephrons? (2 ways)
1. reduces nephron hyper-perfusion 2. reduce glomerular pressure
75
2 methods to assess if a diet is high, moderate, or low in protein
1. estimate protein dry matter percent 2. estimate protein metabolizable energy percent
76
When comparing protein percentages with the averages of commercially available diets, dogs have an average of ___ to __% dry matter (and ME) while cats have an average of __ to __% dry matter (and ME).
20-25 30-35
77
Proteins content of commercial dog & cat diets are usually much (lower/higher) than NRC adequate & AAFCO minimum recommendations. Why?
higher protein is a major positive palatant to dogs/cats

Nutrition (8 decks)

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