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Trace Minerals (Exam 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Trace minerals are required in (high/low) concentrations.

A

low

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2
Q

Careless supplementation and formulation errors make _________ and _______ interactions of trace minerals easy to do.

A

antagonistic
synergistic

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3
Q

Units of trace mineral concentration

A

mg/kg (ppm)

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4
Q

What are vitamins?

A

small amounts of organic substances in natural foodstuffs

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5
Q

What 2 units are used for vitamins in diets?

A

mg/kg
ug/kg

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6
Q

Vitamins are essential for normal ________.

A

metabolism

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7
Q

List the fat-soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

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8
Q

For fat-soluble vitamins, a minimum amount of dietary fat is required for __________.

A

absorption

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9
Q

Impaired absorption of fat may cause what?

A

fat-soluble vitamin deficiency

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10
Q

What 3 things can cause impaired fat absorption (and therefore, fat-soluble vitamin deficiency)?

A
  1. IBD
  2. exocrine pancreas insufficiency
  3. continuous feeding of mineral oil
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11
Q

(T/F) The role of each fat-soluble vitamin is generally the same.

A

False - each are distinct

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12
Q

Because the role of each fat-soluble vitamin is different, each vitamin’s deficiency has _________

A

unique signs

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13
Q

2 organic compound classes of vitamin A

A
  1. carotenoids
  2. retinoids
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14
Q

Term for alcohol form of vitamin A

A

retinol

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15
Q

Retinoids are structurally similar to ______ and have vitamin ___ actiivty.

A

retinol
A

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16
Q

List the order of 3 compounds which have vitamin A activity from the greatest to least activity.

A
  1. retinol
  2. retinal
  3. retinoic acid
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17
Q

What are carotenoids pigments of?

A

plants and some algae, fungi, bacteria

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18
Q

About ___ of over ____ carotenoids have vitamin A activity.

A

50
600

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19
Q

Example of carotenoid that has vitamin A activity

A

B-carotene

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20
Q

Some carotenoids have _______ activity separate from vitamin A activity.

A

antioxidant

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21
Q

For herbivores and omnivores, _______ is a source of vitamin A unless it is sun-bleached or oxidized during storage.

A

green plant material

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22
Q

_______ are poor carotenoid sources except what?

A

grains
yellow corn

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23
Q

Carnivores and omnivores get vitamin A from _______, which has the highest concentration of all tissues.

A

liver

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24
Q

Fish oils, especially ______ are good vitamin A sources for carnivores and omnivores.

A

cod liver oil

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25
(Cats/dogs) but NOT (cats/dogs) can use carotenoids to meet their vitamin A needs.
dogs cats
26
What are the 3 functions of vitamin A?
1. vision 2. growth/development 3. immune function
27
How does vitamin A function in vision?
transduce energy from photons of light --> electrochemical signals
28
Vitamin A is important for growth and development because _____ is bound to cellular proteins that regulate _______.
retinol transcription
29
In terms of vitamin A's immune function, retinol is needed for ______ survival and proliferation.
lymphocyte
30
Vitamin A deficiency can result from: 1. Animals on dry forage that has lost _______ from oxidation + UV light exposure. 2. Caged birds given only ______.
carotenoid grains
31
4 signs of vitamin A deficiency
1. night blindness 2. epithelial cell atrophy 3. epithelial secretory cell metaplasia 4. stunted bone growth
32
Which sign of vitamin A deficiency causes body structures to become keratinized stratified epithelium?
epithelial secretory cell metaplasia
33
What 4 structures/systems are affected in epithelial secretory cell metaplasia?
1. respiratory tract 2. GI tract 3. urogenital tract 4. periocular glands
34
Term for conjunctiva and cornea drying, keratinization, and loss of vision that occurs with epithelial secretory cell metaplasia (of vitamin A deficiency).
xerophthalmia
35
Vitamin A deficiency can cause disrupted bone growth and development in ______ animals.
young
36
What specific problem can occur with disrupted bone growth/development from vitamin A deficiency that causes brain distortion, CSF pressure, nerve, damage, and hydrocephalus?
cranial cavity malformation
37
Because there are (more/less) water-soluble vitamin reserves than fat-soluble vitamins, deficiencies occur more (slowly/rapidly).
less rapidly
38
When given in excess, do water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins have lower toxicity?
water-soluble
39
__ vitamin have similar signs during deficiency unlike ____ vitamins.
B fat-soluble
40
(T/F) B-vitamin deficiencies occur mostly as multiple deficiencies rather than a single one.
True
41
Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamin deficiencies involve __________.
multiple body systems
42
What animal DOES NOT require water-soluble vitamins in their diet?
ruminants w/ functional rumen
43
(T/F) Calves and lambs do not require water-soluble vitamins in their diet.
False - DO require (no functional rumen yet)
44
While ruminants do not require water-soluble vitamins, they do have a ______ for them and can benefit from supplementation of vitamin ___.
metabolic need B
45
Which vitamins are water-soluble?
B, C
46
Vitamin B1 is also known as _______.
thiamin
47
Vitamin B1 has sources in both ______ and ______.
plants animals
48
List some animal sources of vitamin B1 (2)
meat (pork + organs) egg yolk
49
List some plant sources of vitamin B1 (4)
green parts of plants whole cereal grains (germ + bran) legumes & nuts brewer's yeast
50
A (large/small) pool of thiamin is stored in the body.
small
51
Thiamin is stored in the body as _______ forms.
phosphorylated (mono, di, triphosphates)
52
Vitamin B1 has both _______ and _______ functions.
metabolic neurologic
53
What 3 ways does vitamin B1 have neurologic function?
1. energy production 2. lipid & neurotransmitter synthesis 3. nerve conduction
54
Cooking can destroy _____ and therefore cause deficiency, especially in moist (acidic/alkaline) environments with gelling agents or flavor enhancement.
vitamin B1 aklaline
55
Ingested _______ can cause deficiency of vitamin B1.
thiaminase (enzyme that destroys thiamins)
56
What 3 substances have thiaminase and therefore can cause vitamin B1 deficiency?
1. raw fish 2. bracken fern 3. horsetail
57
Coccidiostat and amprolium are agents that inhibit _______, and therefore can cause vitamin B1 deficiency.
phosphorylation (of thiamin)
58
What 3 signs are seen with vitamin B1 deficiency in dogs and cats?
1. neurological changes 2. eating less 3. weight loss
59
What 2 signs are seen with vitamin B1 deficiency in horses?
1. neurological changes 2. bradycardia (slow HR)
60
Neurological changes like blindness, head-pressing, star-gazing, and frothy salivation are signs of vitamin B1 deficiency in what species?
cattle + sheep
61
Vitamin C is also known an what?
ascorbic acid
62
(Animals/plants) are a poor source of vitamin C while some (animals/plants) are a good source.
animals plants
63
What plant is a poor source of vitamin C? Which are good sources?
grains fruit + veggies
64
3 fruits that are sources of vitamin C
citrus berries cantalope
65
4 vegetables that are sources of vitamin C
peppers tomatoes broccoli cauliflower
66
Which vitamin is the least stable? Why?
vitamin C high temp/humidity destroys it
67
Because vitamin C is the least stable of all vitamins, this limits the diet storage ______ and ______.
duration condition
68
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is can be reversibly reduced to _______ but it is ______.
dehydroascorbic acid inefficient
69
Dehydroascorbic acid is partially catabolized to _________ which is a substrate of what?
oxalic acid uroliths (kidney/bladder stones)
70
Vitamin C is a potent reducing agent. What does this mean?
electron donor for enzymes
71
Vitamin C functions in synthesis of ______ and ______.
collagen carnitine
72
Vitamin C functions in collagen formation through hydroxylation of ______ and ______.
lysine proline
73
It is thought that vitamin C has ________ function, such as antioxidant protection and regeneration of vitamin __.
extracellular E
74
Many species synthesize vitamin C in the _______ and ______.
liver kidney
75
(T/F) Dogs and cats require vitamin C in their diet.
False - do not require!
76
What are some species that require vitamin C in their diet?
primates guinea pigs snakes fish bats birds
77
Too long of time in storage or inappropriate heat or humidity can cause _______ deficiency.
vitamin C
78
In vitamin C deficiency, there are immature and weak _______ due to lacking cross-links.
collagen
79
What 3 main signs are seen with vitamin C deficiency?
1. subcutaneous hemorrhage (capillary fragility) 2. joint pain 3. anorexia

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