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Zoology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics of life

A

metabolism, mobility, response to stimuli within environment, growth and development, highly ordered and organized into cells, reproduction, contain genetic material within their cells that is passed on to the next generation, evolution and adaptation

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2
Q

eukaryotes have this kind of genetic material

A

DNA and RNA

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3
Q

prokaryotes have this kind of genetic material

A

either DNA or RNA, not both

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4
Q

steps of scientific method

A

observation, question, hypothesis formation, prediction, empirical tests, conclusions, publish

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5
Q

scientific theory

A

a general principle about nature that is highly tested and never disproven, yet

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6
Q

taxonomy

A

formal system for naming and classifying species

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7
Q

systematics

A

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

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8
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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9
Q

who came up with the classification system to organize the diversity of nature?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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10
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

every organism has 2 proper names: /Genus species/

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11
Q

standard grouping order:

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

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12
Q

Domains

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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13
Q

Kingdoms

A

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista

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14
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

represent a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

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15
Q

what does each branch point in a phylogenetic tree represent

A

the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor

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16
Q

sister something

A

groups that share an immediate common ancestor that is not shared by any other group

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17
Q

homology

A

similar structure with similar uses due to shared ancestry

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18
Q

analogy

A

different structures with similar uses due to convergent evolution, not shared ancestors

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19
Q

survival of the fittest

A

the individual that reproduces the most reproducing offspring is the fittest

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20
Q

Lamark’s contribution to evolution

A

came up with the idea of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

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21
Q

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

A

the subconscious “desires” of an organism can cause changes in the traits of that organism, and those changes caused by increased use or disuse will be passed onto the offspring of that individual

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22
Q

Darwin’s background

A

-studied medicine and theology
-was the naturalist on a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle (1831)
-wrote “The Origin of Species” (1859)

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23
Q

Darwin and Wallace

A

-Wallace was working on the same idea as Darwin but gave the credit to Darwin due to him putting in more work and research

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24
Q

evolution

A

genetic change in organisms through reproduction

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25
main points of evolution
-populations evolve, not individuals -occurs mainly through natural selection -the main unifying theme of all of biology
26
first requirement of natural selection
variations in form and behavior between members of a species exist
27
second requirement of natural selection
variations are inheritable from one generation to the next
28
third requirement of natural selection
there is competition between individuals of a population or species
29
fourth requirement of natural selection
individuals with adaptable variations will be more likely to reproduce (differential reproductive success) and pass those adaptive variations on with greater frequency to future generations
30
differential reproduction success
individuals with adaptable variations will be more likely to reproduce
31
evidence of evolution
1. fossil record 2. artificial selection 3. evolution in action 4. comparative anatomy 5. comparative embryology 6. biochemistry and DNA 7. biogeography
32
what are fossils?
evidence of past living organisms
33
what do fossils tell us?
-past organisms are different from today's living ones -fossil layers show a trend in evolution from simple to more complex (generally) -intermediate (missing links) fossils are being found now
34
artificial selection
shows that change can occur and the environment can cause it -many examples from our domestication of plants and animals
35
evolution in action
pesticide resistance to insects, bacterial and viral resistance to medicine
36
comparative anatomy
-figuring out common ancestors and relatives -comparing the structures of organisms to see if the individuals are related or not
37
three types of structures in evolution
homologous, analogous, vestigial
38
homologous structures
structures that have the same framework (internal structure) -function doesn't matter
39
analogous structures
structures that don't have the same framework -function doesn't matter
40
vestigial structures
structures that have no apparent use in the present owner but are used in related organisms
41
comparative embryology
compare embryos to see if we have similar DNA -for the first 3-6 weeks as an embryo, all vertebrates look the same
42
biochemistry and DNA
-shows which organisms are related to each other -closer ancestral relationship = more similar DNA
43
biogeography
the study of where living things exist on the planet, why they exist there, when they got there
44
causes of microevolution
genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating, natural selection
45
genetic drift
-random change in small gene pool due to sampling errors in propagation of alleles
46
gene flow
changes in gene pools due to immigration or emigration of individuals between populations
47
mutation
-change in allele frequencies that are passed on to the offspring due to net mutation -common -most are neutral
48
nonrandom mating
-inbreeding or selection of mates for specific phenotypes (assortive mating) reduces frequency of heterozygous individuals -individuals mate with others of the same genotype -increases homozygous genotypes -does not change allelic frequencies
49
natural selection
-differential reproductive success increases frequencies of some alleles and diminishes others
50
types of mutations
-lethal (usually kills you before you can reproduce) -adaptive (allows you to reproduce more) -neutral (no effect)
51
subtypes of genetic drift
-founder effect -bottleneck effect
52
founder effect
mainly occurs on islands when a small group of individuals colonize a new habitat and thrive, becoming a new population
53
bottleneck effect
when there is a severe reduction in population size, the resulting population will have less genetic variation and more similar traits -beginning of extinction
54
types of natural selection
-stabilizing selection -directional selection -disruptive selection
55
stabilizing selection
intermediate forms are favored and extremes are eliminated; occurs when the individuals of a population with the most common trait survive and reproduce the most thus, the offspring of that population will have the common (best) traits of the parents
56
directional selection
allele frequencies shift in one direction
57
disruptive selection
individuals with either extreme trait are favored and thus reproduce more (allele frequencies shift in two directions) -causes 2 new species when it becomes macroevolution
58
special population selection models
-sexual selection -balanced polymorphism
59
sexual selection
when one form or sex chooses its mate based on fitness of that individual -causes a huge amount of genetic change within 1 generation of a population -requires sexual dimorphism
60
sexual dimorphism
two forms of sex appearance
61
balanced polymorphism
when there are two forms of a trait that are maintained within a population year after year
62
macroevolution
-large scale genetic change -development of a new species
63
species
a group of interbreeding individuals that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
64
reproductive isolation
prezygotic isolation or postzygotic isolation
65
types of prezygotic isolation
-behavioral -ecological -temporal -mechanical -gametic
66
behavioral prezygotic isolation
the mating behavior between species keeps them from reproducing
67
ecological prezygotic isolation
species live in different habitats
68
temporal prezygotic isolation
the mating seasons are different
69
mechanical prezygotic isolation
the reproductive parts don't fit
70
gametic prezygotic isolation
the sperm does not survive in the female's environment
71
types of postzygotic isolation
-zygotic -hybrid inviability -hybrid sterility
72
zygotic postzygotic isolation
the embryo dies before birth
73
hybrid inviability postzygotic isolation
the embryo does not survive well and dies before reproduction age
74
hybrid sterility postzygotic isolation
the offspring is sterile and can't pass on the new genetics
75
speciation
natural selection and other microevolutionary processes can lead to this
76
speciation models
-allopatric speciation -sympatric speciation
77
allopatric speciation
the development of a new species by a physical seperation from the original species
78
sympatric speciation
development of a new species, within the same environment as the original species
79
rates of speciation
-gradualism -punctuated equilibrium
80
types of extinctions
-local extinctions -species extinctions -mass extinctions
81
local extinctions
only certain populations of a species are gone
82
species extinctions
entire species is gone
83
mass extinctions
lots of species going extinct
84
what did primates evolve from?
Dryopithecus
85
types of fossils
-eggs in nest -fossilized feces -bones -footprint -skin impression
86
vestigial structures examples
-legs in snakes -ear muscles in humans -appendix in humans -tailbone in humans

Zoology (11 decks)

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