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Zoology > Animal Development and Architecture > Flashcards

Animal Development and Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

fertilized

A

sperm and egg are fused

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2
Q

embryology

A

the study of animal development from a single cell into a multicellular organism

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3
Q

zygote

A

single cell that developed from a fused sperm and egg

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4
Q

three stages of the development from a single cell into a multicellular organism

A
  1. cell division
  2. cell migration
  3. cell differentiation
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5
Q

cell division

A

the process in which the single celled zygote must multiply into many new cells

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6
Q

cell migration

A

the grouping of new cells and the organization into structures and the animal’s body shape

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7
Q

cell differentiation

A

when groups of cells develop into different morphological structures for specific tasks

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8
Q

stages of animal development

A
  1. fertilization
  2. cleavage
  3. gastrulation
  4. organogenesis
  5. growth
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9
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of egg and sperm

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10
Q

cleavage

A

rapid cell division through mitosis

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11
Q

gastrulation

A

development of the germ layers

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12
Q

organogenesis

A

the development of tissues and organs

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13
Q

growth

A

the organs and body grow in size before birth

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14
Q

two processes for fertilization

A
  1. external fertilization
  2. internal fertilization
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15
Q

process for external fertilization

A

-individuals release gametes into the water at the same time
-sperm use watery environment to move towards and fertilize the eggs
-must compensate for their losses from predators by producing copious amounts of gametes

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16
Q

spawning season

A

a specific time during the year in the ocean where many different species release their gametes at the same time in order to increase their potential for fertilization and reproduction

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17
Q

breeding seasons

A

the specific time of year that animals are reproductively receptive to mate and potentially produce offspring

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18
Q

internal fertilization process

A

-sperm is delivered into the female body next to the eggs
-three different ways offspring can be produced from internal fertilization

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19
Q

three ways offspring can be produced from internal fertilization

A
  1. oviparity
  2. ovoviviparity
  3. viviparity
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20
Q

oviparity

A

the internally fertilized embryos are laid outside (eggs) the female’s body and are nourished by the yolk sac through development

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21
Q

ovoviviparity

A

the internally fertilized embryos are retained inside the female, nourished by the yolk sac, until they hatch inside of her or she lays the eggs right before hatching

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22
Q

viviparity

A

the young are born alive and nourished by the placenta

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23
Q

process of fertilization

A
  1. fertilization cone
  2. fast block
  3. fertilization membrane
  4. zygote
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24
Q

first step of fertilization

A

immediately after penetration of the first sperm, proteins on the egg’s cell membrane erect a fertilization cone in order to draw the head of the sperm into the egg’s cell membrane

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25
second step of fertilization
the electrical potential of the egg's membrane changes polarity to block any other sperm from penetrating the egg membrane, known as fast block
26
third step of fertilization
cortical granules below the egg's membrane release their contents into the membrane causing it to harden, forming a more permanent boundary called the fertilization membrane
27
fourth step of fertilization
the genetic material of the sperm and egg fuse together, fertilizing the egg, and the single cell is now referred to as a zygote, ready to begin cleavage
28
parts of sperm
tail, middle neck (w/ mitochondrion), nucleus (with acrosome at tip)
29
examples of oviparity
chicken, duck, crocodile
30
examples of ovoviviparity
sharks, fish, flies
31
examples of viviparity
humans, cats, dogs
32
what is the fertilized egg called?
zygote
33
what is the purpose of the fertilization cone?
to draw the head of the sperm into the cell membrane
34
what is the purpose of the fertilization membrane?
to form a firm boundary for the zygote
35
what is the purpose of the fast block?
to prevent other sperm from penetrating
36
cleavage
a series of mitotic cell divisions of the single celled zygote into the blastula
37
blastula
a hollow ball of numerous cells that developed via cleavage
38
what is the pattern of cleavage dictated by?
plane of mitotic division
39
radial cleavage
when cleavage planes occur perpendicular or parallel to each other
40
spiral cleavage
when the cleavage plane occurs at oblique angles
41
which animal group demonstrates spiral cleavage?
Protostomes
42
Protostomes phyla examples
annelids, flatworms, molluscs, etc.
43
which animal group demonstrates radial cleavage?
Deuterostomes
44
Deuterostomes examples
echinoderms and chordates
45
when does gastrulation begin?
once cleavage ends and the blastula is formed
46
blastocoel
the fluid-filled cavity within the blastula
47
invagination
the first step of gastrulation -as gastrulation proceeds, the invagination becomes larger and the blastocoel becomes smaller forming an archenteron
48
archenteron
-primitive gut -aka gastrocoel -an internal cavity surrounded by the invaginated cells
49
blastopore
the opening of the invagination
50
Protostomes have the blastopore form into the
mouth
51
Deuterostomes have the blastopore form into the
anus
52
gastrula
what the zygote is known as once the archenteron and blastopore are fully formed
53
how many germ layers does the gastrula have
two
54
ectoderm
outer germ layer of the gastrula
55
endoderm
inner germ layer that lines the archenteron
56
ectoderm layer develops into...
the epithelium tissue and nervous system
57
endoderm layer develops into...
lining of the digestive system and other internal organs
58
third germ layer of the gastrula that develops later
mesoderm
59
mesoderm layer develops into...
muscular, skeletal, and/or urinary system
60
diploblastic
animals that only develop two germ layers in the gastrula
61
triploblastic
animals that develop three germ layers
62
organogenesis begins when...
gastrulation ends
63
unfertilized egg -->
zygote
64
zygote -->
two-cell stage
65
two-cell stage -->
eight-cell stage
66
eight-cell stage -->
16-cell stage
67
16-cell stage -->
morula
68
morula -->
blastula
69
blastula -->
gastrula
70
gastrula -->
bipinnaria
71
coelom
-body cavity that surrounds the digestive system and other organs -develops during gastrulation stage during the production of the mesoderm layer
72
three types of animals concerning coeloms
1. Acoelomates 2. Coelomates 3. Pseudocoelomates
73
Acoelomates
-animals (like flatworms) without a coelom (acoelom) or body cavity -their body is filled with semi-solid mesodermal cells holding the organs in place
74
Coelomates
animals that contain a true coelom (all vertebrates), have a coelom that is derived from and surrounded by the mesoderm layer
75
Pseudocoelomates
animals (like roundworms) that have a pseudocoelom (false coelom) in between the mesoderm and endoderm layers
76
how do Coelomates form cavities in Protostomes
schizocoely
77
scizocoely
mesodermal cells migrating from around the blastopore up into the blastocoel, attaching to both the endodermal and ectodermal layers (or splitting the mesoderm layer)
78
how do Coelomates form their cavities in Deuterostomes
enterocoely
79
enterocoely
mesoderm cells budding off the wall of the archenteron, separating and splitting, and then developing into the body cavity

Zoology (11 decks)

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