Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
common names of Phylum Mollusca
A
snails and slugs, oysters and clams, octopuses and squids, etc
2
Q
where do molluscs live
A
mostly marine, some freshwater, and some snails and slugs are terrestrial
3
Q
main characteristic of molluscs
A
soft-bodied, and most are protected by a calcium carbonate shell
4
Q
feeding characteristics of molluscs
A
herbivorous grazers, predaceous carnivores, filter feeders, or parasites
5
Q
first characteristic of molluscs
A
all have a similar body plan with three main parts
6
Q
three main parts of molluscs’ body plan
A
muscular foot/head, visceral mass, mantle
7
Q
what is the head/foot region in molluscs
A
contains feeding and cephalic sensory organs, and large ventral muscular foot
8
Q
what is the visceral mass in molluscs
A
contains digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and reproductive organs
9
Q
what is the function of the mantle in molluscs
A
secretes the shell over the visceral mass
10
Q
what is the mantle cavity in molluscs
A
the space between mantle and body wall
11
Q
second characteristic of molluscs
A
bilateral symmetry, unsegmented
12
Q
third characteristic of molluscs
A
triploblastic
13
Q
fourth characteristic of molluscs
A
coelomate (coelom limited to area around heart)
14
Q
fifth characteristic of molluscs
A
open circulatory system
15
Q
open circulatory system
A
pumping heart, blood vessels, and blood sinuses (spaces in body)
-most cephalopods have a closed system with a heart, vessels, and capillaries
16
Q
sixth characteristic of molluscs
A
pair of kidneys or metanephridia
17
Q
seventh characteristic of molluscs
A
nervous system: pairs of ganglia with connecting nerve cords
18
Q
eighth characteristic of molluscs
A
sense organs vary and may be highly specialized
-cephalopods have highly developed eyes
19
Q
mollusc feeding
A
feed using a radula
20
Q
radula
A
-protruding, rasping, tongue-like organ
-ribbon-like membrane has rows of tiny teeth pointed backwards
21
Q
do molluscs reproduce asexually
A
no
22
Q
are molluscs dioecious or monoecious
A
most are dioecious, some monoecious
23
Q
mollusc development
A
egg hatches and produces a free-swimming trochophore larva
-in many gastropods and bivalves there is a veliger larva
24
Q
veliger larva
A
intermediate larval stage which has the beginning of a foot, mantle, and shell
25
classes of molluscs
Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda
26
common name of Polyplacophora
chiton
27
main characteristic of chitons
oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of 7-8 dorsal plates
28
how do chitons use their foot
they use it like a suction cup to grip rocks, and they use their radula to scrape algae off the rock surface
29
where are the gills in chitons
suspended from roof of mantle cavity and grooves form a closed chamber
30
how is blood pumped in a chiton
it is pumped by a three-chambered heart
31
reproduction of chitons
sexes are seperate
-sperm and egg are released into the water
-trochophore larvae metamorphize into juveniles, without a second larval stage
32
class Gastropoda common names
snails, limpets, slugs, whelks, conches, periwinkles, sea slugs, sea hares, sea butterflies, and nudibranches
33
where do gastropods live
marine, freshwater, or terrestrial
34
typical movement of gastropods
sluggish, sedentary animals
35
what do gastropods use as defense
their shells
36
main characteristic of gastropod shells
one-piece (univalve), coiled or uncoiled, often with 180 degree counterclockwise torsion
37
operculum in gastropods
covers shell aperture, protects and prevents water loss
38
torsion
-causes the digestive tract to move laterally and dorsally so that the anus lies above the head within the mantle cavity
39
respiration in gastropods
performed by gills in mantle cavity, or by a highly vascular area of mantle that functions as a lung
40
pneumostome
small opening in air-breathing gastropods that leads from the lung to outside
41
class Bivalvia common name
mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, and ship wormss
42
shell characteristics of bivalves
a shell divided into two halves
43
mantle cavity of bivalves
contains gills that are used for feeding as well as gas exchange
44
what structures do bivalves lack?
a head, radula, and cephalization
45
where do bivalves live
mostly marine
46
bivalve movement
mostly sedentary, but some have some limited mobility
47
form and function of bivalves
-two shells or valves are held together by a hinge ligament and held together by strong adductor muscles, and the valves are open when adductor muscles are relaxed
48
feeding and digestion of bivalves
most are suspension feedings
49
bivalve hearts
three chambered heart
50
class Cephalopoda common names
squids, octopuses, nautiluses, and cuttlefish
51
where do cephalopods live
marine
52
how big do cephalopods get
2 cm to the giant squid
53
what did the foot adapt into in cephalopods
arms, tentacles, and funnel (siphon)
54
how many arms and/or tentacles do nautiluses have
60-90 tentacles, no suckers
55
how many arms and/or tentacles do octopuses have
8 arms with suckers
56
how many arms and/or tentacles do squids and cuttlefish have
8 arms with suckers and 2 tentacles
57
which cephalopods produce venom
octopuses and cuttlefish (produced in salivary glands)
58
how do cephalopods grasp prey
strong beaklike jaws
59
nautilus shell
has multiple chambers, allowing them to swim
60
cuttlefish shell
enclosed within mantle
61
squid shell
thin strip called the pen, enclosed in mantle
62
octopus shell
N/A
63
chromatophores
pigmented skin cells in squids and octopuses
64
inc sac purpose in cephalopods
defense
65
respiration in cephalopods
one pair of gills
66
cephalopod circulation
muscular pumping system to keep water flowing through the mantle cavity
67
characteristics of cephalopod circulatory system
-complete circulatory system
-accessory or branchial hearts at the base of each gill increases pressure to blood going through cill capillaries
68
cephalopod reproduction
-dioecious
-direct development
-in male seminal vesicle, spermatozoa are encased in spermatophores and stored
-removes a spermatophore from mantle cavity and inserts it into female
-fertilized eggs leave oviduct and are attached to stones, etc
-some octopuses tend to their eggs
69
main characteristic of phylum Annelida
segmented worms
70
common names of annelids
marine bristle worms, fan worms, leeches, and earthworms
71
where do annelids live
marine, freshwater, and moist terrestrial habitats
72
first characteristic of annelids
segmentation or metamerism
-bodies composed of serially repeated units or rings
-each unit contains components of most organ systems (circulatory, nervous, and excretory systems)
73
advantages of metamerism
-greater complexity in structure and function
-increased burrowing efficiency by permitting independent movement of segments
-evolution of a more sophisticated nervous system
-provided a safety factor
74
second characteristic of annelids
bilateral symmetry
75
third characteristic of annelids
triploblastic
76
fourth characteristic of annelids
paired epidermal setae
77
paired epidermal setae
-tiny chitinous bristles
-absent in leeches
-mostly used for locomation
78
fifth characteristic of annelids
unique head and terminal end
79
annelid head segments
prostomium and peristomium
80
pygidium
terminal segment bearing the anus in annelids
-new metameres form in front of the pygidium
81
are head and pygidium true segments
no, because they are not serially repeated
82
sixth characteristic of annelids
coelomate
-coeloms form by schizocoely
-segments separated by septa
83
seventh characteristic of annelids
hydrostatic skeleton (except in leeches)
-contraction of circular muscles causes body to narrow and lengthen
-contraction of longitudinal muscles causes body to shorten and expand
84
eighth characteristic of annelids
digestive system complete, not segmented
85
ninth characteristic of annelids
nervous system is composed of a double ventral nerve cord
86
what does the double ventral nerve cord look like in annelids
they are ladder-like so it looks like one cord
87
tenth characteristic of annelids
asexual reproduction by fission and fragmentation
88
eleventh characteristic of annelids
sexual reproduction (hermaphroditic or dioecious, no self fertilization)
89
twelfth characteristic of annelids
share a trochophore larva with the ancestor
90
thirteenth characteristic of annelids
respiration through skin, gills, or parapodia
91
fourtheenth characteristic of annelids
circulatory system closed and segmented
92
fifteenth characteristic of annelids
excretory system segmented
93
three traditional classes for annelids
class Polychaeta, class Oligochaeta, class Hirudinida
94
common name of class Polychaeta
aquatic worms
95
common name of class Oligochaeta
earthworms
96
common name of class Hirudinida
leeches
97
polychaetes' life habits
sedentary ones are mostly tube-living, active ones may be free-moving, burrowing, or crawling
98
how big do polychaetes get
up to 4 feet long
99
characteristics of polychaetes
-parapodia
-setae
-eyes, tentacles, and sensory palps
100
parapodia
paired appendages on most segments of polychaetes
-have two main parts: dorsal notopodium and ventral neuropodium
101
setae in polychaetes
arranged in bundles on parapodia
102
are prostomium retractile in polychaetes?
may or may not be
103
characteristics of mouth in polychaetes
surround mouth
104
reproduction and development of polychaetes
-no permanent sex organs (every mating season, they grow new ones)
-seperate sexes
-fertilization is external and the early larva is a trochophore
105
class Oligochaeta common name
earthworms
106
earthworm habitats
soil to freshwater
107
how do earthworms live
burrow in moist rich soil and usually live in branched interconnected tunnels
108
clitellum
thickened glandular and nonsegmented section of the body wall of earthworms used for reproduction
109
earthworm setae
four pairs on each segment
-bristle-like rods set in a sac and moved by tiny muscles
-project outward through small pores in cuticle
-aid anchoring by digging into walls of burrow
110
earthworm nutrition
scavengers
111
excretory structures in earthworms
-nephridia
-nephrostome
-bladder
-nephridiopore
112
nephridia
kidney-like structures found in each body segment of an earthworm, except the first three and terminal segments
113
nephrostome
a ciliated funnel in earthworms that draws in wastes and leads through the septum
114
bladder
where the nephrostome ends and empties outside at the nephridiopore
115
nephridiopore
the exit place for waste in an earthworm
116
oligochaetes' nervous system and sense organs
pair of dorsal cerebral ganglia connect around the pharynx to the ganglia of the ventral nerve cord to form the brain
117
earthworm reproduction characteristics
-hermaphroditic
-cross-fertilization
118
detailed earthworm reproduction process
-aligning in opposite directions, ventral surfaces together
-mucus secreted by clitellum holds worms together
-sperm from each worm are transported to the seminal receptacles of the other worm along seminal grooves
-after mutual copulation, each worm secretes a mucus tube and chitinous band to form a cocoon
-cocoon passes forward and eggs, albumin, and sperm are poured into it
-fertilization occurs in cocoon, cocoon slides off head end and closes
-young worms emerge from cocoon
119
class Hirudinida common name
leeches
120
leech characteristics
34 segments, possess anterior and posterior suckers, no septa
121
what is the function of the posterior sucker on leeches
to attach to the host animal
122
what is the function of the anterior sucker on leeches
to suck blood
123
where do leeches live
mostly freshwater, few marine, some live in moist terrestrial environments
124
color of leeches
black, brown, red, and olive green
125
do leeches have setae
no
126
exception to the rules about leeches
Acanthobdellidae: 27 segments, setae only present on the first five segments, and have a posterior sucker
127
leech nutrition
-mostly parasitic that suck blood, but not all are parasitic
-some predaceous on small invertebrates
-some parasitic leeches slit the skin of the host and secrete an anesthetic to prevent detection
-secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating
128
leech reproduction
-hermaphroditic and practice cross-fertilization
-sperm transferred by a penis or hypodermic impregnation
-clitellum (only evident during breeding season) secretes cocoon to receive sperm and egg
-cocoons are buried in mud or damp soil
-development is similar to that of oligochaetes
129
what is the most abundant group of animals on earth
arthropods
130
how big are arthropods
0.1 mm to 3.7 m
131
arthropod common names
spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, insects, etc
132
main characteristics of arthropods
-versitile hard exoskeleton
-segmentation and appendages for more efficient locomotion
-air distribution directly to cells
-highly developed sensory organs
-complex behavior patterns
-metamorphosis
133
how far back does the fossil record for arthropods go
back to mid-Cambrian period
134
first characteristic of arthropods
joined appendages (modified for specialized functions)
135
second characteristic of arthropods
bilateral symmetry
136
third characteristic of arthropods
segmented body divided into functional units called tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)
137
fourth characteristic of arthropods
triploblastic
138
fifth characteristic of arthropods
small coelom filled with blood
139
sixth characteristic of arthropods
jointed exoskeleton made of chitin that must be shed (molt) for growth (also called Ecdysis)
140
seventh characteristic of arthropods
complete digestive system
141
eighth characteristic of arthropods
complex muscular system
142
ninth characteristic of arthropods
nervous system is composed of a dorsal brain and ventral nerve cord
143
tenth characteristic of arthropods
asexual reproduction by fission and fragmentation
144
eleventh characteristic of arthropods
well developed sense organs
145
twelfth characteristic of arthropods
respiration by body surface, gills, trachea, air tubes, or book lungs
146
thirteenth characteristic of arthropods
open circulatory system (blood fills coelom)
147
fourtheenth characteristic of arthropods
paired excretory glands (ie. maxillary glands)
-not kidneys!
148
fifteenth characteristic of arthropods
sexual reproduction, dioecious, internal fertilization
149
sixteenth characteristic of arthropods
most have metamorphosis
150
seventeenth characteristic of arthropods
social organization
151
subphylum groups of arthropods
-Trilobita
-Chelicerata
-Myriapoda
-Crustacea
-Hexapoda
152
main characteristic of Trilobita
extinct
153
main characteristic of Chelicerata
fangs
154
main characteristic of Myriapoda
many legs
155
main characteristic of Crustacea
crabs, shrimp, etc
156
main characteristic of Hexapoda
six legs
157
common names of Chelicerata
horshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, sea spiders
158
segments of Chelicerata
two tagma (cephalothorax and abdomen)
159
how many appendages do Chelicerata have
six pair of cephalothoracic appendages
-one pair of chelicerae
-one pair of pedipalps
-four pairs of walking legs
160
chelicerae
claw-like feeding appendages that suck liquid food from prey
161
pedipalps
modified legs on arthropods that hold prey
162
do Chelicerata have mandibles or antenna
no
163
classes of Chelicerata
Meristomata, sea spiders, and Arachida
164
common name of class Meristomata
horseshoe crabs
165
Arachida common name
spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites
166
Meristomata characteristics
carapace, abdomen with book gills, telson, blue blood
167
sea spiders characteristics
four pairs of walking legs, large sucking proboscis, small abdomen
168
Arachida characteristics
-chelicerae function as fangs
-cephalothorax and abdomen joined by thin pedicel
-four paired legs
-gas exchange through book lungs
-excretion through Malpighian tubules
-many spiders produce silk, a liquid protein, from specialized abdominal silk glands
169
Arachida common names
spiders, scorpions, whip scorpions, pseudoscorpions
170
chelicerae function in Arachida
function as fangs
170
pedicel
joins cephalothorax and abdomen in Arachida
171
how many legs do Arachida have
4 pairs
172
how does gas exchange occur in Arachida
through book lungs
173
Malpighian tubule purpose
excretion
174
what is silk
a liquid protein produced by Arachida from specialized abdominal silk glands
175
main characteristics of phylum Myrapoda
-2 tagmata
-1 pair of antennae
-mandible and two pairs of maxillae
-legs are uniramous
176
how many tagmata do myrapodes have
two
177
how many pairs of antennae do myrapodes have
one
178
what feeding structures do myrapodes have
mandible and two maxillae
179
are myrapode legs uniramous or biramous
uniramous
180
what are the tagmata of myrapodes
head and trunk
-paired appendages on trunk segments
181
uniramous definition
one branch
182
classes of subphylum Myrapoda
Class Chilopoda and Class Diplopoda
183
common name of chilopodes
centipedes
184
common name of diplopodes
millipedes
185
characteristics of centipedes
-predators
-each segment contains one pair of legs
-dorsoventrally flattened
-maxillipeds on first segment are modified to venom claws
-pair of eyes of group of ocelli
186
maxilliped definition
first jaw
187
millipede characteristics
-cylindrical bodies
-4 thoracic segments, one pair of legs
-herbivorous
-slow, curl up in a ball for protection
188
characteristics of crustaceans
-2 pairs of antenna
--head has a pair of mandibles and 2 pairs of maxillae
-one pair of appendages on each of the additional segments
-all appendages are biramous
-collect oxygen by moving their legs
-tagma are usually head, thorax, and abdomen
-one or more thoracic segments are fused with the head as acephalothorax
-dorsal covering is carapace
-compound eyes
189
how many antennae do crustaceans have
two pairs
190
are crustaceans biramous or uniramous
biramous
191
how do crustaceans collect oxygen
by moving their legs
192
crustacean tagma
head, thorax, abdomen
193
what structure covers crustaceans
carapace
194
what structure covers crustaceans
carapace
195
characteristics of crustaceans eyes
compound eyes
196
compound eyes
made of many units called ommatridia
197
reproduction of crustaceans
-dioecious
-brood eggs in brood chambers, in egg sacs attached to the abdomen, or attached to abdominal appendages
198
crustacean life cycles
-most have a larva unlike the adult in form
-undergo metamorphosis
-nauplius larva is the common larval form
199
nauplius larva
unsegmented body, frontal eye, 3 pairs of appendages
200
characteristics of subphylum hexapoda
-3 tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)
-3 pairs of uniramous legs
201
characteristics of Hexapoda
-large groups
-wide variety of habitats but few are marine
-bases of mouth parts visible
-winged or wingless
-comppound eyes
-thorax
-2 pairs of wings may be present, modified, or absent
202
pterygotes
winged hexapodes
203
apterygotes
wingless hexapodes
204
hexapode thorax
-prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
-legs on each segment
-wings on mesothorax and metathorax
