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Biogeo > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variability of au living organisms on earth

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2
Q

Clade

A

A group that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor

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3
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

A lineage rapidly diversifies with the newly formed lineages evolving different adaptations

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4
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Set of distinct physical features of a population which seas it apart from another

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5
Q

Biological species concept (bsc)

A

If two Individuals mate than produce a viable offspring, then those two individuals are the same species

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6
Q

Phylogenetic species concept (psc)

A

Uses genetic differences to determine species does not account for morphological differences as heaving

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7
Q

Microevolution

A

Population level

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8
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution leading to speciation

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9
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Difference in appearance between males and females in secondary sex characteristics

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10
Q

Sexual dichromatism

A

Difference in coloration between sex

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11
Q

Mechanisms of biological evolution

A

Natural selection,sexual selection, cenexic drift, horizontal gene transfer

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12
Q

Genetic drift

A

Change in angle frequency due to a chance event - can lead to negative acumulating of traits - randomprocess - loss of genetic material

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13
Q

Founder effect

A

A small subset of a population has broken off to a location isolated from the main population

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14
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

The result of a bottleneck event where only a subset of the population remains

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15
Q

sexual selection

A

Members of one sex choose mates based on traits that opposites the sex possesses

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16
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Members of one sex choose a mate based on their preference - female mate choice

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17
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Members of the samisen compete with each other for sexual access to members of the otter sex- leads to male mate camp.

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18
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Nonsexual transmission of genes- typically occurs within microscopicg organisms- en help organisms mutate were quickly.

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19
Q

Types of speciation

A

Allopathic, symmetric,parapatric

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20
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation due to geographic separation (vicariance)

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21
Q

Sympatric-speciation

A

Speciation within a population found din the same location often due to behavteres differences - leads to hybridization

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22
Q

Parapatric speciation

A

A hybridization zone between s separates populations - reduces gene flow over time

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23
Q

Carl linneaus

A

The father of taxonomy

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24
Q

Comte de Buffon

A

Environmentallysimilar but geographically isolated regions have distinct groups of mammals and birds

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25
Banks and cook
The concept ofcosmopolitan species: species that are found in several places
26
Alexander Von Humboldt
Florist belts: distinguishing that tropical zones were found in lower elections boreal and arctic regions at the summits
27
Charles Lyle
Influenced the study of fossils and denoting the extinction of species
28
Alfred Russell Wallace
Father of biogeo Wallace line that separates asian plant and animals from Australian ones
29
Joseph dalton hooker
Vicariance: land can change plants from the mainland can be brought to islands naturally via dispersal.
30
Clinton hart meriam
Areas of similar vegetation spanning specific regions Confirmed that elevation changes one sees moving from the crater to thepoles
31
Continental drift
The idea that massive and segmentsmove, colliding and separating
32
Sea floor spreading
Mid-ocean ridges where slabs of lithosphere split apart from one another magma flows up forming new crust
33
Subduction
Appear when wtectonic plates crash into each other instead of spreading apart At subduction zones the edge of the senses plate subduct under the less dense plate.
34
Events of the Pleistocene
2 million years ago until 14,000 years ago Formed the Great Lakes
35
Interglacial and glacial periods
Earth cooled because of the amount of snow reflecting solar radiation back into the atmosphere
36
Beringia
The and beneath the Bering strait became exposed allowing movement between north America and Asia Allowed for human migration
37
Great Lakes
Formed by the melting of the ice covering that part of North America as a result of the Pleistocene
38
Biological evolution definition
Changes in the heritable characteristics of a population of organisms over the course of generations
39
Biological evolution misconceptions
Evolution is not about progress, is not goal oriented,is not linear
40
Homologous traits
Traits shared due to common ancestry
41
Analogous traits
Similar traits showed not doe to common ancestry Most often due t0 convergent evolution
42
Natural selection
Variation, inheritable, selection, time, adaptation
43
- Species distribution
the manner in which species is spatially arranged
44
Home Range
a specific area in which an animal or population spends its time o Encompasses resources a population needs o Studied over a year
45
core range
an area within a home range where a population spends most of its time
46
population Growth
birth rate + immigration - death- emigration
47
density
the denser the more competition this leads to expanding range
48
density-dependent factors
competition, predation, disease, parasitism
49
density-independent factors
extreme weather, natural disasters, human activity
50
random distribution
occurs where there is little to no competition and is atypical in nature
51
uniform distribution
results from intense competition or antagonism between individuals, usually territorial species, homogeneous environments
52
clumping
the most common distribution is because of environmental pressures
53
how do organisms' levels of social behavior effect distribution
social organisms tend to clump, territorial and solitary organisms have more uniform populations.
54
realized niche
the actual environmental conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce in
55
fundamental niche
the total range of environmental conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce in.
56
source landscapes
high-quality environments
57
sink landscapes
low-quality environments
58
limitations to range
geographic barriers, environmental conditions, disturbances, behavior plasticity, competition, symbiotic relationships
59
Directional selection
type of selection the favors traits at one extreme end of the range.
60
stabilizing selection
favors moderate traits
61
disruptive selection
favors both extremes of a trait
62
interspecific competition
between the same species
63
intraspecific competition
between different species
64
exploitative competition
individuals take up resources and make them unavailable to others - indirect
65
interference competition
use aggressive dominance or active inhibition to deny others access to resources - direct
66
polyspecific association
when 2 species interact with each other to work towards a common goal
67
competitive exclusion principle
multiple species cannot occupy the same niche due to competition
68
# limiting factors to range environmental conditions
limit species ability to expand into a niche area
69
# limiting factors to range disterbances
small disturbances are natural some species rely on disturbances to survive and reproduce.
70
# limiting factors to range behavioral plasticity
species can shift ranges during various times of the year and competition conditions
71
# limiting factors to range competition
various forms of competition limit a species ability to occupy niches
72
# limitations to range symbiotic relationships
mutualism, commensalism, parasitism.
73
acclimation vs. adaptation
acclimation is aquired in a short period of time as a result of an environmental pressure and is not heritable. adaptation is a genetic change over a greater period of time that is inheritable.
74
exponential growth
fast growth that normally occurs when population have lots of reasources but cannot happen for long periods of time
75
logistical growth
occurs when a population levels out and reaches their carrying capacity.

Biogeo (5 decks)

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