Quiz 5 Flashcards
surface area to volume ratio
determined how much heat is lost in an animal and thus how much caloric intake is necessary and how frequently organisms need to consume energy
SA:V
smaller mammals
have higher metabolic rates
SA:V
the greater the surface are to volume ratio of an animal
the more heat is loses relative to its volume
biogeographic rules
Bergmann’s Rule
animals in cold habitats will be larger than those in warm habitats.
there is a positive association between body mass and latitude
bergmann’s rule
claims
that in cold climates, large body mass increases the ratio of volume to surface area and provides for maximum metabolic heat retention in mammals and birds
biogeographic rules
Allen’s rule
animals that are adapted to colder climates tend to have shorter limbs and body appendages in comparison to animals that are adapted to more warm climates.
explaination of Allen’s rule
endothermic animals in colder climates need to save as much energy as possible in the form of heat. Thus, the decreasing the surface area helps to avoid dissipating heat.
shorter body appendages and limbd also help to avoid heat loss as body extremities are some of the main body parts where animals exchange heat with environment mainly due to heat exchange with the bood vessels close to the skin. thus, having shorter ones help to decrease heat loss.
radiative anatomy
many animals that live in hot climates have evolved anatomical features that facilitate radiative cooling part of Allen’s rule.
adaptations try ans increase surface area to volume ratio
enlarged, highly vascularized ears or other structures
thermal windows
areas with low insulation and often high vascularization that can be used to damp heat.
Gloger’s Rule
pigmentation or pelage increases in organisms in more humid climates neat the equator.
Thorson’s Rule
ecological processes linked to the change in larval biology and morphology that are caused by natural selective pressure on different types of larval development.
Jordan’s Rule
there is an inverse relationship between water temp and number of characteristics fo marine organisms such as number of fin rays, vertebrae, and scale numbers, which are seen to increase in muber with decreasing temperature.
IBT
3 main principles of island biogeography theory
1.) as the number of species increases, immigraption decreases and extinctions increase
2.as area increases, number of species increases
3.As distance from the mainland increases, number of species decreases
IBT
what determines the number of species on an island at equalibria
rates of extinction and immigration
IBT
land bridge islands
begin with species complement to the mainland
expect there to be increase species when the land bridge is present but then a decrease in species due to foces such as competition when the land bridge is gone.
IBT
ramification for conservation
fragmentation of habitats sowing relaxed effects of island
evolution on islands and traits
1) they evolve faster due to smaller populations, more selective pressure, and less variability among mates.
island/fosters rule
members of a species get bigger or smaller on islands
gigantism
why does it happen
1) predation
2) social selection: more likely to out compete
3) food avalability
dwarfism
why does it happen
1) worked for arthodoctyes becasue of food reasources,
2) more likely to have stunted growth in developmental years
changes in characteristics
flightlessness on islands
island tameness
lack of fear, and no predatory response
oceanic islands
start with nothing and then accumulate species
habitat island
a region of suitable habitat that is surrounded by uninhabitable area that serves as a barrier to dispersal
