quiz 6

Question 1

Jared Diamond 4 principles to reserve design

Answer 1

1. the number of species a reserve can hold is a function of its area
2. the rate of species extinction inside a reserve decreases with a reserve area
3. survival decreases within varying reserve sizes are highly variable for different species
4. suggestions can be made for the optimal shape and design for habitat reserves.

Question 2

sloss debate

Answer 2

single large or several small.
- contest the idea that reserves should always consist of a single, large area
- is not applicable to biological conditions

Question 3

benefits of several small

Answer 3

• less susceptibility to disease
• less susceptibility of single catastrophic event
• habitat heterogeneity

Question 4

difference between fragmentation and deforestation

Answer 4

fragmentation is the splitting of a single landscape and deforestation is the shrinking of a single area of land.

Question 5

scale

Answer 5

• microhabitat vs. patch vs landscape
• biological phenomena are scale-dependent
• what may benefit one species could be harmful to another

Question 6

edge effect

Answer 6

• smaller and irregularly shaped patches have a greater proportion of edge effects
• species perception of edge is different

Question 7

source sink dynamics

Answer 7

• fragments are heterogeneous at some scale, and thus pach quality will vary
• if animals can traverse matrix environments, they may disperse from a source to a sink
• as a result, reproductive success will be greatly based on habitat quality, ie mortality is greater than birth rates in sinks leading to local extirpations

Question 8

what make species more prone to extinction in fragments

Answer 8

more rare, poor dispersal ability, and a more specialized diet, higher on the trophic level, short life span, k reproductive strategies

Question 9

what makes species less prone to extinction

Answer 9

more common, increased dispersal, and a generalist diet, lower on the trophic level, long life span, and R selected species

Question 10

anthropogenic action

Answer 10

hunting -> threat direct to individuals
logging, cattle grazing, fires -> indirect to individuals
fragmentation, habitat loss, genetic isolation -> indirect to populations

Question 11

what is an extinction

Answer 11

the death of the last individual of a species

Question 12

types of extinctions

Answer 12

phyletic and terminal

Question 13

phyletic extinctions

Answer 13

occur when a species disappears in the process of evolving into one or more new species but there is no net loss of diversity

Question 14

terminal extinctions

Answer 14

occur when a species disappears without evolving into a new species. an evolutionary line ends abruptly, and there is a net loss of diversity

Question 15

deterministic extinction

Answer 15

when there is no doubt about the eventual outcome, 100%

Question 16

stochastic extinction

Answer 16

when there is some uncertainty about the outcome

Question 17

ultimate factors

Answer 17

the event that ultimately drives the whole process

Question 18

proximate factors

Answer 18

are the immediate factors that occur which make species go extinct ( the ultimate factors make the proximate factors take place)

Question 19

terminal extinction steps

Answer 19

1. extraordinary changes occur in the species-environment
2. survival rates, reproductive rates, or both decline
3. population size declines as a result
4. extinction

Question 20

endings

Answer 20

the last know individual of a species or subspecies

Question 21

environmental stochasticity

Answer 21

bad: Chance changes in the species’ environment that are harmful
- can be biotic or abioticic
- for small populations, even normal random occurrences can be threatening

Question 22

demographic stochasticity

Answer 22

chance changes in vital rates that are harmful
- random changes in demographics: sex ratios and age structure.

Question 23

genetic stochasticity

Answer 23

chance changes in the species gene pool that are harmful.
- genetic drift: bottle neck and founder effect
- inbreeding

Question 24

background extinction

Answer 24

the normal extinction rate

Question 25

mass extinction types

Answer 25

1. typically when 10% of species go extinct with no dependents within a year 2. when over 50% of earth's species fo extinct within 1-3.5 million years. these are rare occurrences and often denote shifts in geologic time periods.

Question 26

ordovician silurian extinctions

Answer 26

second worst mass extinction. 85% of life killed 440-450 mya

Question 27

late Devonian extinction

Answer 27

383-360 mya primarily affected marine organisms oxygen levels plummeted in oceans

Question 28

Permian Triassic extinction

Answer 28

252-250mya the worst extinction known as the great dying, 955 of marine life, 70% of land life

Question 29

Triassic extinction

Answer 29

205-201 mya opened the door for Dinos

Question 30

cretaceous-tertiary extinctions

Answer 30

66-65 mya 50% of all genera all non avian dinos went extinct astroid

Question 31

sixth mass extinction

Answer 31

100-100 times the background extinction rate human alterations of earth's processes are driving this mass extinction.

Question 32

habitat loss as a driver

Answer 32

- one of the most imminent drivers of species endangerment and extinction - can come from degradation and deforestation - shifting land types into agricultural fields - Clear-cutting and selective logging

Question 33

invasive species as a driver

Answer 33

- can cause extensive stress on small populations and threaten their ability to persist - can take over native species

Question 34

trafficking trade as a driver

Answer 34

animals are hunted for other reasons besides consumption pets

Question 35

Extinction vortex

Answer 35

species often are not just subject to one direct threat - threats can compound and work synergistically to exacerbate the detrimental impacts on species

Question 36

what is de-extinction

Answer 36

artificially producing a new living individual after the last member of the species has dies

Question 37

how is de-extinction done

Answer 37

1. using carefully preserved sperm and egg to produce an embryo via in vitro fertilization 2. cloning an individual of an extinct species from carefully preserved non-reproductive cells 3. using genetic engineering to modify the DNA od an extant species using recovered DNA from an extinct species CRISPR

Question 38

in vitro fertilization using cryopreserved gametes

Answer 38

- most feasible currently - requires that sperm and eggs of a species be carefully preserved prior to the species extinction

Question 39

cloning from preserved cells

Answer 39

- required carefully preserved non-reproductive cells of the extinct species - uses sophisticated methods to induce the nucleus of the preserved cell into the egg of a close relative

Question 40

genetic engineering use of CRISPR

Answer 40

- recover fragmented segments of ancient DNA from preserved specimens of the extinct species - find the analogous segments of the DNA of a closely related extant species - will not be exactly the same but will resemble the origional

Question 41

possible benefits of De-extinction

Answer 41

- could be used to help prevent extinctions for small populations with low genetic diversity - could help prevent extinctions if a population is so small it only has a few individuals remaining where natural reproduction isn't possible - what about only for species that recently went extinct due to a specific threat we've now overcome

Question 42

what are ecosystem services

Answer 42

the many and varied services that the natural environment provides to humans

Question 43

discount rate

Answer 43

the rate at which society as a whole is willing to trade off a present for future benefits i.e. a dollar today means more than a dollar received in the future

Question 44

discounting

Answer 44

the process of converting a value received in a future time period to an equivalent value received immediately.

Question 45

provisioning

Answer 45

- these benefits are those that can be provided to people by extracting things from nature - provisioning benefits are considered direct benefits to humans

Question 46

regulating

Answer 46

- one provided to humans by ecosystem processes that moderate natural phenomena such as tree roots providing stabilization to reduce erosion. - indirect benefits

Question 47

cultural

Answer 47

a non-material benefit that contributes to the development and cultural advancement of people including how ecosystems play a role in local, national, and global cultures. direct benefits to humans

Question 48

supporting

Answer 48

the natural world provides so many services, sometimes we overlook. the most fundamental ecosystems themselves couldn't be sustained without the consistency of underlying natural processes. provide indirect benefits

Question 49

biodiversity as a regulator of ecosystem processes

Answer 49

biodiversity controls the ecosystem processes that make up ecosystem services

Question 50

biodiversity as a final ecosystem service

Answer 50

biodiversity at the level of their genes and species contributes directly to some goods and their value

Question 51

biodiversity as a good

Answer 51

the good is biodiversity itself. many components of biodiversity have aesthetic, cultural, and religious value.

Question 52

payments for ecosystem services

Answer 52

the name given to a variety of arrangements through which the beneficiaries of environmental services.