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Oral Pathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does cells response to injury ?

A
  • Atrophy: decrease in size
  • Hypertrophy: Increase in size
  • Hyperplasia: Increase in #’s
  • Metaplasia: Replacement in cell type thats more durable
  • Dysplasia: abnormal dividing of cells
  • Neoplasia: No longer function/appear like normal
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2
Q

What are the Diagnostic Process?

A

Subjective
Objective
Assessment
Plan

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3
Q

What is the subjective phase?

A
  • Gather information from the PT and history.
    Example:
  • Discomfort: pain, dull ache/numbness/tingling
  • Function: Difficulty swallowing/opening chewing
  • Textural Changes: Dry/rough/swelling
  • Location: Where
  • Periodocity : association: constant/intermittent
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4
Q

What is the objective phase ?

A
  • observerable and measureable by palpation/visusal/ percussion

Example:

  • Soft tissue changes: color/ consistency/ size
  • Hard tissue changes: Size and shape
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5
Q

What are the characteristics to describe lesions?

A
  • Location
  • Size and shape
  • Color
  • Description
  • Duration/history
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6
Q

What is pathology?

A

The study of the nature of disease.
Which includes: etiology
Pathogenesis
Phathophysiology
Prognosis

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7
Q

What is disease?

A

Injury that results in structural or functional changes

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8
Q

Assessment phase is ?

A

It develops a DIFFERENTIAL diagnosis
Determine a DEFINITIVE diagnosis

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9
Q

What are the biopsy PROCEDURES?

A

Incisional - take a part of lesion for diagnosis

Excisional- take the entire lesion, for diagnosis and treatment

Needle- insert needle and aspirate some cells done with deeper tissue like organs

Cytological smear- takes sloughed or scraped surface epithelium

Brush biopsy- takes just the epithelium

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10
Q

Planning phase

A
  • Treatment provided based on diagnosis
  • Treatment strategies: no treatment
    Surgical removal
    Pharmacological agents
    Behavioral modification
    Psychiatric therapy
    Referral to specialist or others
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11
Q

What is injury ?

A

Alteration causing tissue damage

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12
Q

What are the protection measures for injury?

A
  • Physical barrier
  • Antibacterial activity of enzymes
  • flushing action of saliva
  • stomach acid
  • cilla and mucous defends airway
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13
Q

What are the different types of inflammatory response ?

A
  • Acute and chronic
  • local and systemic
  • nonspecific response
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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of inflammation?

A
  • redness
  • swelling
  • heat
  • loss of function
  • pain
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15
Q

What are the microscopic events of inflammation?

A
  • Injury
  • Constriction of microcirculation
  • Dilation of microcirculation
  • Increase in permeability of the microcirculation
  • Transudate
  • increase blood viscosity
  • Decreased blodd flow through the microcirculation
  • Margination
  • Emigration
  • WBC ingest foreign and dead material
  • Exudate formation
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16
Q

What is exudate?

A

Fluid, protein, and dead or injuried cells.

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of exudate?

A
  • Serous
  • Purulent
  • Mucinous
  • Fibrinous
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18
Q

What is serous exudate?

A
  • it is plasma and proteins
  • It is associated with mild injury
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19
Q
  • What is purulent exudate ?
A
  • It is WBCs, tissue, debris
  • associated with acute inflammation
  • found in abcess and fistulas
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20
Q

What is chemical mediators?

A

Amplify inflammatory response

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20
Q

What are some systemic manifestations of inflammation?

A
  • Fever
  • Leukocystis (increase in WBC count)
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Elevated C-reactive protein
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21
Q

What are the types of chemical mediators?

A
  1. Histamine- Mast cells
  2. Serotonin- act like histamine released from platelets
  3. kinin System- Bradykinin acts like histamine, causes pain
  4. Fibrinolytic system- plasmin activates clotting and kinin system
  5. Prostaglandis and leukotrienes- Dilation, pain and produces mmps ( breaks down collagen)
  6. Cytokines- 1,6,8 TNA (continue movement of WBC)
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22
Q

what is actue inflammation made up of?

A
  • neutrophils (effective against bacteria and fungi)
  • Eosinophis (hypersensitivity)
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23
Q

What is chronic inflammation made up of?

A
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes
  • Fibroblasts
  • Endothelial cells
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24
What is the process of healing and repair?
1. Clot formation 2. Macrophages
25
What are the different types of healing?
* Primary * Secondary * Tertiary
26
What are the factors that affecting healing?
1. Systemic factors 2. Local factors
27
What are the systemic factors that affect healing?
1. Age 2. Nutritional status 3. Immune status 4. Smoking
28
What are the local factors that affect healing?
1. Secondary infection 2. Tissue necrosis 3. Poor Blood supply
29
What is Fibrous repair ?
Repair with scaring eg. Keloid
30
What does the immune system do?
- Defends against specific target: *Antigen* - nonself protein ( bacteria viruses, parasites) - macrophages present antigen to lymphocyte then it travels to injury seeking them out.
31
What are the two lymphocyte?
B and T cells
32
What are lymphocytes?
principle cells of immune system
33
Where are lymphocytes located?
* lymph nodes * Spleen * Bone marrow
34
What are B-cells?
Effective against bacteria and viruses
35
What are the two types of B-cells?
* Plasma- make antibodies only live a few days * Memory cells- React quickly if antigen appears again
36
How long does it take to build up enough antibodies to neutralize antigen?
2-3 weeks
37
What are the 5 types of Immunoglobulins?
* IgG * IgA * IgM * IgE and IgD ## Footnote GAMED
38
IgG
* 75% * Can cross placenta * Long term immunity * In tissue and in circulation * Small molecule
39
IgA
* 15% * In saliva, tears, GI tract, Breastmilk, repiratory tract. * Protects from inhaled and ingested antigens
40
IgM
* 10% * Form quickly after antigen challenge * quick and short term protection * large molecule * replaced by IgG
41
IgD and IgE
* less than 1% * Dont circulate, IgD serves as receptor. * IgE binds to recept on mast cells during allergic reactions
42
What is immune complex ?
* Antigens and antibody * renders antigen inactive
43
What cant immune complex interact with?
infected host cells- T-cells
44
What are T-Cells?
* recognize and attack specific antigen * modulate B-cell antibody production * produces t memory cells
45
What is cell mediate response?
* delayed immunity * react only to antigens presented to them * Take longer than B-cell reaction
46
What is humoral response?
reacting with freely circulating antigens
47
What is Immunopathology
An inappropriate immune response to an infection
48
What is hypersensitivity
Exagerated response to allergens cause tissue destruction. * can be considered harmless antigens
49
What are the three types of immunopathology ?
* Hypersensitivity (allergic reactions) * Autoimmune diseases * Immunodeficiency (quality/quantity deficiency of WBC)
50
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivty reaction?
* I. Immediate * II. Antibody mediated * III. Immune complex mediated * IV. Delayed
51
What is immediate (anaphylactic) hypersenitivity ?
* Occurs in minutes * Production if IgE antibodies * Histamine is releases- dilation of vessels constriction of bronchioles
52
What are examples of immediate hypersensitivity ?
Hayfever Asthma Anaphylaxis Urticaria (hives) Angiodema (swelling under skin) Pruritus (itching)
53
Immediate Hypersensitivity Urticaria (Hives)
54
What is Antibody Mediated (cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity?
* "mistaken identity" * Response against harmless cells
55
What are examples of Antibody mediated response?
Blood Transfusions Hemolytic disease of newborn Certain drug reactions
56
What is Immune Complex mediated Response ?
* Antigen and antibody * Deposited everywhere through circulation * incite inflammatory response common deposit sites: Kidneys, joints, heart
57
What are examples of immune complex mediated response?
* fixed drug truptions * lupus * rheumatoid arthritis
58
What is Delayed response?
* T-cell mediated: Respond to presented antigen * Takes 24-72 hrs Phase 2 - Sensitization: antigen penetrates skin, memory cells produce and become localized. - Elicitation: Memory T-cells are stimulated which triggers inflammatory response
59
What is auto immune disease?
* immune system cells as antigens * influenced by genetic factors * Some induced by microbes- streptococcal infections, epstein bar virus
60
What is immunodeficiency?
Failure of immune system to protect body from infection b/c of absense of insufficiency of stuff.
61
What can be immunodeficiency?
* Congenital/aquired * systemic disease (diabetes) * Medication/drugs/treatment (Steriods,chemo) * aquired by infection (HIV)
62
What is primary immunodeficiency?
* Genetic/ congential abnormallity: results in defective functioning of part of the immune/inflammatory response.
63
What are examples of primary immunodeficiency?
Brutons disease- b-cells dont mature. Tx: antibody injection Digeorge syndrome- 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches did not develop - T-cells= absent/diminished Tx: Bone marrow transplant
64
What is the secondary immunodeficiency?
* Aquired after birth, no genetics * oppurtunistic infection*
65
What are examples of secondary immunodeficiency?
* Diabetes * Cancer * Malnutrition * Immunosupressive drugs * TB * HIV
66
What are immunologic pathogenisis ?
Disease development involving an immune response
67
What is Aphthuos ulcers? ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
* Trauma precipates outbreak * Cell mediates immunity (T-Cells)
68
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Aphthous Ulcer Major
69
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Aphthous Ulcer Minor
70
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Aphthous Ulcer Herpetiform
71
What are the disease with immunologic pathogenisis?
* Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer * Erythema Multiforme * Lichen Planus * Reiters Syndrome * Langerhans cell disease * Sjogrens syndrome * Lupus Erythematosus * Pemphigus Vulgaris * mucous membrane pemphigoid * bullous pemphiogoid * bechet syndrome
72
What is Erythema Multiforme ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
* Immune complex mediated: Type III immunity. * Target lesions or bulls eye * Involves skin and mucous membrane * vesiculoboullus disease
73
What are symptoms and precipitating factors of Erythema multiforme? ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Symptoms: Low grade fever, malaise headache Percipitating factors: Viral/fungal/bacterial infections Stress Allergy to drugs
74
What is the treatment for erythema multiforme? ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Corticosteroids
75
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Erythema multiforme
76
What is lichen planus? ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
* Chronic affect skin and oral mucosa * basal layer degenerates seperation from CT * MORE COMMON IN** MIDDLE **WOMEN
77
What are the two forms of Lichen planus? ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Reticular- wickhams striae Erosive- bulla, erosions, desquamative gingivitis
78
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Lichen Planus
79
What is Rieters Syndrome ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
* Abnormal immune response after GI infection * SEEN in **MALES ** with certain genetic markers
80
What are the symptoms of Rieters Syndrome? ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Arthritis Conjugctivitis Urethritis
81
What is the treatment for Rieters Syndrome ? ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Spontaneous Remission NSAIDS
82
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Rieters syndrome
83
What is Langerhans Cell Disease/hystiocytosis ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
* Tumor forming disease, langer cell proliferation * **SEEN in CHILDREN and Young adults **
84
What are the three catergories for langerhans cell disease ? ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
1. Letterer siwe-fatal 2. Hand-Schuller-christian: Bone loss, sore mouth 3. Eosiniphillic Granuloma
85
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Langerhans cell disease
86
What are common autoimmune symptoms?
* Raynaud phenomenon- Fingers turn white and then blue from lacks of blood * Rheumatoid Factor- Ig G antibodies attack IgM antibodies
87
What is Sjogren Syndrome ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
* Dry eyes and mouth * Helps with increase tooth decay
88
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Sjogrens Syndrome
89
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosis
90
What is Pemphigus Vulgaris ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
* Severe and progressive autoimmune condition * Affects skin mucous membranes
91
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Pemphigus Vulgaris
92
Cicatricial Pemphigoid ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
When epithelieum seperates from CT @ basement membrane
93
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Cicatricial pemphigoid
94
Bullous Pemphigoid ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
* Autoantiboidies circulate and do not correlate with disease activity * less common oral lesions= less common
95
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Bullous Pemphigoid
96
Bechets Syndrome ## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
* Chronic, recurrent * Creates oral ulcers, genital ulcers, ocular inflammation * Antibodies form agains oral mucosa * Diagnosis is made when two- three is present
97
## Footnote Disease with immunologic pathogenisis
Bechets Syndrome
98
With infectious diseases what are are emerging diseases?
-Have not occured in human before or occured in only isolated places - occured in the passed but recently recognized
99
With infectious disease what are re-emerging diseases?
Once harmful, then not and becoming harmful again
100
What are bacterial infections?
diseases that can affect your skin, lungs, brain, blood and other parts of your body
101
What is group A strepococci ?
Enzymes released eat through tissue
102
What is impetigo?
A pyogenic skin infection
103
What is the cause of impetigo?
Normal inhabitants of the skin
104
What is the treatment for impetigo?
Topical/systemic antibiotics
105
## Footnote Bacterial infection
Impetigo
106
Strep Throat ## Footnote Bacterial infection
* Exudate of PMNS near tonsils * Can lead to scarlet or rheumatic fever
107
## Footnote Bacterial infection
Strep throat
108
Scralet Fever ## Footnote Bacterial infection
* bacteria in additon to pharyngitis can cause red rash on skin * Toxins can damage blood vessels * Can evolve into rheumatic fever
109
## Footnote Bacterial infection
Scarlet Fever
110
Rheumatic fever ## Footnote Bacterial infection
* After 2-3 weeks of strepococcal pyrogenes turns into rheumatic fever
111
What does Rheumatic fever affects? ## Footnote Bacterial infection
* Tissue inflamed * Mitral valve scarring- scarring cause bacteria to collect
112
What is MRSA? ## Footnote Bacterial infection
2 Types: Hospital associated Community associated * Can cause life threating infection Prevention: wash hands
113
## Footnote Bacterial infection
MRSA
114
What is Actinomycosis ## Footnote Bacterial infection
normal bacteria in mouth access to CT through wounds from draining abcess in fibrous tissue.
115
What is the treatment for actinomycosis ? ## Footnote Infectious disease
debridement of granulation tissue drainage
116
What is Syphilis? ## Footnote Infectious disease
Treponema pallidum (spirochete)
117
What are the three stages of syphilis? ## Footnote Infectious disease
Primary Secondary Tertiary
118
What is Primary syphillis? ## Footnote Infectious disease
* Afters after * 2-3 weeks * Highly infectious * ulceration at site of entry * Spreading occurs at this stage
119
## Footnote Infectious disease
Primary Syphillis
120
What is Secondary Syphillis ## Footnote Infectious disease
* Occurs 4-10 weeks * Erythematous papules and nodules
121
## Footnote Infectious disease
Secondary Syphillis
122
What is tertiary Syphillis? ## Footnote Infectious disease
* Entered latency after secondary stage * may last yrs to life time * Produce irreversible cardiovascular and CNS damage * Gumma occurs (eats away bone)
123
## Footnote Infectious disease
Tertiary Syphillis
124
What is congenital syphilis?
* When Syphils is passed from mother to baby.
125
What can be the result of Congenital syphillis? ## Footnote Infectious disease
Still birth spontaneous abortion Developmental defects
126
What are the effects of congential syphilis? ## Footnote Infectious disease
Enamel hyperplasia Deafness Short maxilla high palate saddle nose
127
What is the treatment for congential syphilis ? ## Footnote Infectious disease
Antibiotic Penicillin
128
What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?
Sore throat Diffuse erythema Pustules on tonsils
128
What is Gonorrhea? ## Footnote Infectious disease
* Sexual transmitted disease caused by bacteria
129
Gonorrhea
130
What is Sinusitis ?
* When sinuses cant drain into nasal cavity * Can be acute or chronic * Most common health complaint
131
What are the characteristics of Fungal infections?
* similar to plants no chlorophyll * Cant make own food * parasites * must live on skin and mucosa
132
What is a deep fungal infections?
* chronic infections of the lungs * caused by inhalation of spores * all can have oral lesions
133
What are the Endemic areas of infection?
1. Histoplasmosis and blastomycosis 2. Coccidiomycosis
134
What is Candidiasis
* moniliasis or thrush * opportunistic infection when factors exist like diabeters or HIV
135
Acute Pseudomembranous (Thrush)
136
Atrophic (Erthematous)
137
chronic hyperplastic candidiasis
138
angular cheilitis
139
median rhomboid glossitis
140

Oral Pathology (14 decks)

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