exam 1

Question 1

what is physiological degeneration?

Answer 1

changes in the histology that are are related

Question 2

give an example of physiological degeneration

Answer 2

skin..young people have many elastic fibers in their skin, older people not so much

Question 3

what are the 4 fundamental types of tissues?

Answer 3

epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle

Question 4

what are the 4 functions of epithelium?

Answer 4

1. form barriers
2. absorption
3. secretion
   4.protection

Question 5

what is muscle tissue?

Answer 5

tissue that has elongated fibers that can contract

Question 6

what is nervous tissue?

Answer 6

tissue that receives and analyzes impulses/signals

Question 7

what is connective tissue?

Answer 7

the very fibrous tissue that makes up everything else

Question 8

what are 5 examples of connective tissue?

Answer 8

1. bone
2. cartilage
   3.blood
3. connective tissue proper
   5.fat

Question 9

what makes up the basement membrane?

Answer 9

basal lamina and reticula lamina

Question 10

what makes up the basal lamina?

Answer 10

collagen fibers secreted by epithelial cells

Question 11

what makes up the reticula lamina?

Answer 11

reticular fibers secreted by underlying connective tissue

Question 12

what does simple refer to in epithelium?

Answer 12

one layer

Question 13

what doe stratified refer to in epithelium?

Answer 13

many layers

Question 14

what does simple cuboidal epithelium form?

Answer 14

glands, ducts, and tubules

Question 15

why are columnar cells ciliated?

Answer 15

to move things across its surface

Question 16

whats the difference between cilia and microvilli

Answer 16

microvilli are an extension of the cytoplasm that helps to increase surface area(intestine) ..cilia are not apart of the cytoplasm(ovaries)

Question 17

what are goblet cells?

Answer 17

mucus secreting cells

Question 18

where can you find psuedostratified columnar epithelium?

Answer 18

in the respiratory tract

Question 19

does psuedostratified have cilia or microvilli?

Answer 19

cilia

Question 20

where is non-cornified stratified squamos found?

Answer 20

where there is much abrasion and friction such as, the anal canal

Question 21

where is cornified stratified squamos found?

Answer 21

only found in the epidermis of our skin

Question 22

what is the non-living layer on cornified stratified squamos called?

Answer 22

stratum corneum

Question 23

what is a desmosome?

Answer 23

two strong proteins that bind together

Question 24

what is a hemidesmosome?

Answer 24

where a desmosome attaches to something else like a plasma membrane

Question 25

what is a zonula occludens?

Answer 25

it creates an attachment that doesnt allow anything to get through..in other words the attachment seperates nthe lumen from the other side of the cells

Question 26

what is a gap junction?

Answer 26

protein lined pores that allow cells to connect and for large molecules to pass through..think heart muscle

Question 27

what is a merocrine gland and an example?

Answer 27

it is a gland that secretes thin watery substance and the cell does not change..like a sweat gland for heat loss

Question 28

what is an apocrine gland?

Answer 28

a gland that secretes a thicker substance and a part of the cell is also secreted..like a sweat gland for pheromones

Question 29

what is a holocrine gland?

Answer 29

a gland where the cell dies and is secreted..like a sebaceous gland

Question 30

what type of gland is found in mature mammary glands

Answer 30

compound tubuloalveola

Question 31

what types of glands are found in the respiratory tract

Answer 31

simple alveolar glands

Question 32

what types of glands are found in the sweat glands

Answer 32

branched alveolar

Question 33

describe serous alveoli

Answer 33

cells are plump with nucleus in the center

Question 34

describe mucoid alveoli

Answer 34

nucleus found at the bottom of the cell since thick secretion pushes it down

Question 35

describe serous demilume alveoli

Answer 35

the mucoid alveoli pushed the serous to the bottom of the gland

Question 36

what is myoepithelium?

Answer 36

muscle like epithelium (contractile cells)

Question 37

what are reticular fibers and where are they found?

Answer 37

they are highly branched fibers and they are found where lots of support are needed..think bone marrow

Question 38

what is a desmosine

Answer 38

consist of 4 lysines that hold the fiber together so that it can fold up

Question 39

what is a fibroblast?

Answer 39

cells that secrete connective tissue fibers

Question 40

what does a fibroblast become after it retires?

Answer 40

a fibrocyte

Question 41

what do mast cells secrete?

Answer 41

histamine and hepanine

Question 42

what is areolar tissue?

Answer 42

its loose connective tissue found all over the body that contains lots of fibroblast and fibrocytes

Question 43

what is dense irregular connective tissue?

Answer 43

tissue that is irregularly arranged and is a lot stronger than areolar tissue..found in the dermis of the skin

Question 44

what is dense regular tissue?

Answer 44

tissue that is regularly arranged..think ligaments and tendons

Question 45

female body fat?

Answer 45

20-25%

Question 46

male body fat?

Answer 46

15-20%

Question 47

what is a chondroblast?

Answer 47

a cell that secretes fibers and matrix

Question 48

what are chondrocytes?

Answer 48

mature cartilage cells found in the lacunae

Question 49

what is a chondroclast?

Answer 49

cell thats destroys or eats chondrocytes

Question 50

what is exogenous growth?

Answer 50

this is growth from the outside where new chondroblasts develop from the perichondrium

Question 51

what is endogenous growth?

Answer 51

this is growth from the inside where chondroblasts divide and form new chondroblast

Question 52

what are the 3 types of cartliage?

Answer 52

Hyaline, elastic, and fibro

Question 53

what is the epiphyseal line?

Answer 53

a line of solid bone across the spongy bone

Question 54

what are osteoprogenitors?

Answer 54

stem cells that give rise to osteoblasts and osteocytes

Question 55

what gives rise to osteoclasts?

Answer 55

macrophages

Question 56

what are the layers of bone lamillae?

Answer 56

concentric, circumferential, and intersitual