exam 1 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
anatomy
A
the study of structure of organisms and the relations of their parts
2
Q
physiology
A
the study of living organisms or their parts
3
Q
prone
A
lying face down
4
Q
supine
A
lying face up
5
Q
ventral
A
away from back bone or towards front of body
6
Q
anterior
A
away from the back
7
Q
posterior
A
towards the back or away from the front
8
Q
superficial
A
towards the surface (external)
9
Q
deep
A
away from the surface (internal)
10
Q
superior
A
upper
11
Q
inferior
A
lower
12
Q
cranial
A
toward the head
13
Q
caudal
A
toward the tail
14
Q
external
A
toward the outer surface
15
Q
internal
A
toward the inner surface
16
Q
medial
A
toward the axis or midline
17
Q
lateral
A
away from the axis or midline
18
Q
proximal
A
toward the body
19
Q
distal
A
away from the body
20
Q
central
A
situated at the center
21
Q
peripheral
A
toward the outward surface
22
Q
coronal plane
A
anterior/posterior
23
Q
sagittal plane
A
left and right planes
24
Q
transverse plane
A
superior and inferior
25
cell
fundamental unit
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tissue
group of cells and surrounding materials working together
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organ
2 tissues forming a somewhat independent structure with a specific function
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system
2 or more organs combined to accomplish a function
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4 basic tissue types
epithelium, connective, muscular, and neural
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epithelium tissue functions
protection, absorption, and secretion
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types of epithelium tissue
epithelial, endothelial, and mesothelial
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epithelial
outer covering of external body surfaces
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endothelial
lining of blood & lymph vessels
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mesothelial
outer covering of internal organs
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connective tissue functions
connects structures together, support body, and aid in bodily maintenance
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connective tissue 6 types
loose, dense, lymphoid, cartilage, bone, and blood
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loose connective tissues (2)
areolar & adipose
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areolar (loose connective tissue)
very loose tissue, cells in irregular networks of fibers, and found just beneath the skin
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adipose (loose connective tissue)
high concentration of fat cells, otherwise similar to areolar
40
strong and strech-resistant, yet flexible. white
collagen
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strong yet elastic, stretching up to 150% of relaxed length. yellow
elastic fibers
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collagen + glycoprotein. thin fibers. form networks with extensive branching. provide strength, support, and form to many soft organs
reticular fibers
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types of dense connective tissues
tendons
ligaments
fascia
reticular
aponeuroses
44
tough, non-elastic cords that connect muscle to bone or cartilage
tendons
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an elastic band of tissue that connects bone to bone, bone to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage
ligaments
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membranous sheets that organize muscle fibers into functional units
fascia
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a delicate matrix of cells which have processes that extend in all directions to join to the processes of neighboring cells
reticular
48
a tendinous sheet that covers muscle and can connect muscles to the structures they move
aponeurosis
49
what are the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrous, and elastic
50
hyaline
most rigid cartilage and covers articular surfaces of joints, providing a smooth surface for movement
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fibrous
most collagen cartilage and support and fusion
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elastic
a lot of elastin cartilage (yellow) and support and shape
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a rigid matrix
composed of bone cells, collagen fibers, and ground substance
bone
54
what makes bone strong
collagen
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what makes bone hard
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
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what are the 2 types of bone
dense/compact and spongy/porous
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what type of cartilage offers support and shape to a structure although it is highly flexible and made primarily of elastic fibers
elastic cartilage
58
3 types of muscular tissue
striated, smooth, and cardiac
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striated muscle
long fibers, light/dark bands microscopically, voluntary, and skeletal
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smooth muscle
no striations, found in the organs (visceral), involuntary (autonomic nervous system)
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cardiac muscle
only in the heart and involuntary (innervated by the autonomic nervous system)
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3 types of muscle architecture
parallel, radiating, and pennate
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parallel
muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle
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radiating
fan shaped with bundles of muscle fibers diverging or converging as they approach their attachments
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pennate
groups of muscle fibers converge onto a tendon. if there are multiple sections, they are called bipennate, multipennate, or circumpennate
66
muscle action class 1 levers
applied force on one end and a resistance force at the end. Fulcrum is at some distance between the 2 ends
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muscle action class 2 levers
lever arm with the Fulcrum at one extreme end and an applied force at the other end. the resistance force is somewhere in between.
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muscle action class 3 levers
fulcrum at one end of the lever arm and the resistive force at the other end. the applied force is somewhere between the two ends
69
what is the plasmalemma in a muscle cell called
sarcolemma
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what is the cytoplasm in a muscle cell called
sarcoplasm
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what is the er in a muscle cell called
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
72
what is the function of satellite cells in muscle cells
they are involved in muscle growth and repair
73
list the heirarchical structure of a muscle starting with the muscle itself
muscle, muscle fibers, myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin & myosin
74
what happens during calcium uptake after a muscle contraction?
calcium is reabsorbed into the sarcoplastic recticulum which requires atp
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what is the sarcomere
the functional unit of a muscle fiber, consisting of actin and myosin filaments organized for contraction
76
what are the basic functions of myosin
myosin binds to actin and has atpase activity for energy use, and is responsible for muscle contraction
77
what role does actin play in muscle contraction
actin binds with myosin and apt helps release it
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what is the cross-bridge cycle
the cycle of myosin binding to actin, pulling, and releasing. which drives muscle contraction.
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what are type 1 muscle fibers
slow-twitch fibers; used for endurance, high fatigue resistance, and rely on aerobic energy
80
what are type 2a muscle fibers
fast-twitch fibers; used for moderate endurance and strength, relies on aerobic and anaerobic energy
81
what are type 2x muscle fibers
fast-twitch fibers; used for explosive power, low endurance, and rely on anaerobic energy
82
olfactory
sensory and smell
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optic
sensory and sight
84
oculomotor
motor and moving eye up and down and towards the nose
85
trochlear
motor and moves eye up and down and side to side
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trigeminal
sensory and motor
sensation in the face and movement of the jaw (chewing)
87
abducens
motor
abducens the eyeball and turns it away from the nose
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facial
sensory and motor
facial expressions and controls salivary glands and taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue
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vestibular cochlear
sensory
hearing and balance
90
glossopharyngeal
sensory and motor
initiates swallowing and in charge of posterior 1/3 of tongue
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vagus
sensory and motor
heartbeat
92
accessory
motor
helps with head rotation and shoulder elevation
93
hypoglossal
motor
moves tongue
