exam 4 Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
a flexible tube that extends from the larynx to the lips is known as
A
Pharyngeal Oral Apparatus
2
Q
at the level of the oropharynx, the pharyngeal oral apparatus undergoes what degree of bend
A
90
3
Q
the pharyngeal oral apparatus is mainly formed of what two subtances?
A
bone and muscle
4
Q
the upper jaw and most of the hard palate make up the ___
A
Maxilla
5
Q
What is the Mandible?
A
the lower jaw
6
Q
the pharyngeal oral apparatus is formed by ___
A
the upper portion of the vertebral column and bones of the skull
7
Q
what 6 additional bones make up the pharyngeal-oral apparatus (other than maxilla, skull, and mandible)
A
Frontal bone, zygomatic, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, and styloid process
8
Q
the ____ process is a part of the Maxilla (on the front)
A
Alveolar
9
Q
the ____ process is a part of the Maxilla (on the bottom)
A
palatine
10
Q
behind the palatine process of the maxilla is what process?
A
horizontal process of palatine bone
11
Q
where do the left and right halves of the mandible meet?
A
at the front at a fibrous symphysis
12
Q
what is a fibrous symphysis?
A
a line of union
13
Q
to ossify is to ___
A
turn to bone
14
Q
at what age does the left and right half of mandible join in a fibrous symphysis?
A
the first year of life
15
Q
what are the two projections as it pertains to the mandible?
A
coronoid process and condylar process
16
Q
mandible articulates with what bones?
A
the left and right temporal bones
17
Q
the left and right temporal bones in the mandible form what joints?
A
temporomandibular
18
Q
each temporomandibular joint is ___
A
condyloid
19
Q
the egg shaped head of the condylar process fits into an ____ shaped cavity within the ____ bone
A
elliptical, temporal
20
Q
what are the surfaces of the condyle and temporal bone covered with?
A
fibrocartilage
21
Q
from top down, the temporomandibular ligaments are:
A
temporomandibular, sphenomandibular
stylomandibular
22
Q
which ligament limits the degree to which the condyle can be displaced downward and backward?
A
temporomandibular ligament
23
Q
the ligament that limits downward and backward displacement of mandible is:
A
sphenomandibular ligament
24
Q
which ligament limits downward and forward displacement of the mandible
A
stylomandibular ligament
25
the skull is generally considered the more ____ member of the skull-mandible pair
fixed/stable
26
when can the skull not be the more stable or fixed member of the skull-mandible pair?
when the skull is rotating up and backward
(ex: when chin is on table and you open your mouth)
27
most movements of the temporomandibular joint are _______ and ____
multidimensional; complex
28
where is the oral cavity?
inside the mouth
29
what is the oral cavity bounded by at the front and sides?
lips, teeth, alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible
30
what is the front entry to the oral cavity called?
oral vestibule
31
the oral cavity is bounded at the top by what two structures?
hard palate and velum
32
the oral cavity is bounded at the bottom by what
the floor of the mouth (most comprised of the tongue)
33
the oral cavity is bounded at the back by:
the anterior faucial pillars
34
the anterior faucial pillars are also known as the ___ arch
palatoglossal
35
what is the most prominent feature of the oral cavity
the tongue
36
what are the 5 primary functional/anatomical subdivisions
## Footnote
of the tongue
tip, blade, dorsum, root, body
37
which of the 5 primary subdivisions is located nearest the front teeth at rest
tip
38
which of the 5 primary subdivisions is the surface region that lies behind the tip and below the alveolar ridge of the maxilla and the anterior hard plate?
blade
39
which of the 5 primary subdivisions is located behind the blade and below the posterior hard palate and velum?
Dorsum
40
which of the 5 primary subdivisions face the back of the pharynx and front of the epiglottis
Root
41
which of the 5 primary subdivisions is the central mass underlying the 4 other regions
body
42
the buccal cavity makes up the ___
cheeks
43
the sides of the oral cavity between the cheeks and teeth is known as the:
Buccal Cavity
44
what limits the buccal cavity space in newborns
cheek pads
45
what is the purpose of cheek pads in newborns that limits the space in the buccal cavity
helps direct liquid bolus down the middle of the oral cavity
46
what is the benefit of directing liquid bolus down the middle of the oral cavity in newborns? (the benefit of cheek pads)
allows for safer swallowing
47
the buccal cavity requires monitoring in children and adults with which 2 difficulties
mastication and oral bolus control difficulties
48
why does the buccal cavity need to be monitored in individuals with mastication or oral bolus control difficulties?
food can get stuck in buccal space (risk of post-swallowing aspiration)
49
The mucous membranes of oral linings are known as:
oral membranes
50
what is the surface liquid that keeps the mouth moist?
shiny squamous epithelium
51
the shiny squamous epithelium does not cover which 3 structures?
tongue, hard palate, gums
52
what covers the gums and hard palate?
masticatory mucosa
53
what does the masticatory mucosa have that causes the epithelium to hold firmly against adjacent bone?
a collagen subflooring
54
why is the surface of the tongue covered with specialized mucosa?
to house taste buds
55
passive forces of the pharyngeal oral apparatus arise from:
natural recoil forces of structures that line its walls, pull of gravity, and aeromechanical forces
56
where do active forces of the pharyngeal oral apparatus arise from?
muscle contraction
57
muscles that have both ends attached within an oral pharyngeal structure are known as:
intrinsic muscles
58
muscles that have one end attached within and one end attached outside an oral pharyngeal structure are known as:
extrinsic muscles
59
muscle contraction can be:
concentric, eccentric, or isometric
60
what are the muscles of the mandible responsible for?
positioning the mandible for movements allowed by the temporomandibular joint
61
name the 7 muscles of the mandible
masseter, temporalis, internal pterygoid, external pterygoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
62
the flat, quadrilateral structure that covers much of the outer surface of the ramus of the mandible is known as the ____
Masseter
63
the outer muscle fiber layer courses from front 2/3rds of ____
zygomatic arch inferior and posterior
64
the outer muscle fiber layer of masseter inserts outer surface of ___
mandibular ramus
65
what is the action of the outer muscle fiber layer of masseter
elevation of mandible and approximation of the mandible and maxilla
66
the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter courses from ____
the zygomatic arch inferior and anterior
67
where does the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter insert?
outer surface of the upper half of the ramus and coronoid process
68
what is the action of the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter?
elevation of the mandible and exerts force on mandible that pulls it backwards
69
what direction does the inner muscle fiber layer of the masseter pull the mandible?
backwards
70
what is the name of the broad, fan-shaped muscle that covers much of the side of the cranium
temporalis
71
what is the origin of the temporalis
inferior temporal line of the parietal bone and greater wing of the sphenoid bone
72
what is the course of the temporalis?
downward
73
the inner surface and front border of the coronoid process and front surface of ramus of mandible is where the ____ inserts
temporalis
74
what is the pull of the mandible with contraction of the temporalis?
upward and backward
75
what is the quadrilateral structure oriented parallel to masseter
internal pterygoid
76
the muscular string formed by the internal pterygoid that surrounds the angle of the mandible serves what purpose?
straps the ramus of the mandible to the skull
77
the lateral pterygoid plate and palatine bone makeup the _____ of the internal pterygoid
origin
78
what is the course of the internal pterygoid
downward, backward, outward
79
the contraction of the internal pterygoid (elevation of the mandible) can cause
pressure to be placed on opposing teeth of mandible and maxilla
80
activation on only one side of internal pterygoid can move the ____ toward ____
corresponding condyle ; opposite side
81
external pterygoid origin 2
one from the greater wing of the of the sphenoid bone and one from the lateral pterygoid plate
82
external pterygoid: course, insterts, and contraction
backwards horizontally, neck of the condyle of the mandible, causes condyle to slide downward and forward
83
digastric
increased distance between the jaws by having control to lower the mandible. has great relative fixation of the hyoid bone
84
mylohoid
has great relative fixation of the hyoid bone. contraction lowers the mandible. jaws seperate
85
geniohyoid
contraction lowers the mandible, increases distance between the jaws
86
mandible movements
up/down, front/back, side/side
87
muscles of the tongue (8 total)
superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical, transverse, styloglossus, palatoglossus, hyoglossus, ans genioglossus
88
4 intrinsic muscles (in tongue)
superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, vertical, and transverse
89
4 extrinsic muscles (adjacent structure and insertion in tongue)
styloglossus, palatoglossus, hyoglossus, ans genioglossus
90
superior longitudinal
muscle lies below expansive dorsum of the tongue, top of the tongue, shortens tongue and increases its convexity from front to back
91
inferior longitudinal
positioned near the underside of the tongue, shortens the tongue and pulls the tip of tongue down and to the sides
92
vertical
just beneath the dorsum of the tongue, flattens tongue
93
transverse
major constituent of the mass of the tongue, narrows the tongue and makes skinny
94
styloglossus
front and side of the styloid process of the temporal bone and stylomandibular, toung can be moved: up/back/concavity/shortened/side
95
palatoglossus
part of the velopharyngeal-nasal apparatus, pulls up/back/inward on root of tongue
96
hyoglossus
muscle is shaped like a 4 sided flat plane, lowering the body of the tongue and backward displacement of the tongue mass
97
genioglossus
fan shaped muscle that makes up a large portion of the tongue, muscle allows tongue to press up and pull back from teeth
98
adjustments of the tongue
protrude
retract
lateralize
centralize
curl
point
lick
bulge
groove
flatten
rotate
sweeping buccal spaces
99
muscles of the lips (14)
1 orbicularis oris
2 buccinator
3 risorius
4 levator labii superioris
5 levator labii superioris aleque nasi
6 zygomatic major
7 zygomatic minor
8 depressor labii inferioris
9 mentalis
10 levator anguli oris
11 depressor anguli oris
12 incisivus labii superioris
13 incisivus labii inferioris
14 platysma
100
orbicularis oris
ring around lips, change the positions of the lips
101
buccinator
forms part of cheek, pulls corner of mouth back and toward the side
102
risorious
small muscle located in cheek, draws up the corner of the mouth backward and toward the side
103
levator labii superioris
below eye in front of the maxillary and zygomatic bone, elevates the upper lip and may turn the lip outward
104
levator labii superioris aleque nasi
muscle infront of the maxilla, 2 segments: lip part elevates upper lip, nasal part dilates the anterior naris on the corresponding side
105
zygomatic major
side of the zygomatic bone, pulls back on corners of mouth, lifts the corner of the mouth up and to the side
106
zygomatic minor
inner surface of the zygomatic bone, elevates the upper lip while pulling the corner of the mouth upward
107
depressor labii inferioris
small flat muscle off the midline of the lower lip, pulls bottom lip down and to the side
108
mentalis (vertical facial muscle)
muscle lies in front of the chin, pouting muscle
109
levator anguli oris
muscle from the front of the maxilla, corners of mouth go up and out, brings lips pressed together
110
depressor anguli oris
triangular form located on the outer surface of the mandible, pulls corners of mouth down and presses lips together
111
incisivus labii superioris (parallel facial muscle)
muscle is from maxilla near canine tooth, pulls corner of the mouth up and towards the midline
(upper lip)
112
incisvus labii inferioris
(lower lip) lies below the corner of the mouth under depressor labii superioris, pulls down and in on corners of mouth
113
platysma
big muscle that covers most of the front and side of the neck and sides of face, pulls skin of neck to the mandible
114
pharynx
throat
115
pharyngeal cavities (cranial-caudal)
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
116
nasopharynx
lies behind the nose and above the velum
117
oropharynx
middle part of the pharyngeal tube
118
laryngopharynx
lowermost part of the pharynx
119
velum
(curtain) (soft palate) blocks or opens the nasal passage for swallowing, speaking, and breathing.
120
6 muscles influence the lumen (cross section of pharynx)
superior constrictor
middle constrictor
inferior constrictor
salpingopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
121
superior constrictor
located at upper border of pharynx
1. pterygopharyngeus
2. buccopharyngeus
3. mylopharyngeus
4. glossopharyngeus
122
middle constrictor
fan shaped structure located in the middle of the pharyngeal tube, fibers come up from the hyloid bone and stylohyoid ligament
123
inferior constrictor
most powerful muscle out of the 3, pushes food down throat
124
salpingopharyngeus
comes from estachian tube, fibers move downward and attach to pharynx wall, it pulls the pharynx wall inward and upward, narrows the pharynx
125
stylopharyngeus
comes from styloid process of temporal bone, pulls up on the pharyngeal tube and pulls the lateral walls toward the side- widens the tube, also an upward pull placed on larynx
126
palatopharyngeus
runs along the pharynx, is part of the soft palate, inserts into the lateral wall of the pharynx and thyroid cartilage, narrows walls and brings them higher for swallowing and speech
127
palatal levator
bulk of the velum, draws velum upward and backward- lifting velum toward the posterior pharyngeal wall
128
palatal tansor
lies outside the palatal levator and opens the eustachian tube
129
uvulus
only insinctric muscle of the soft palate, comes from the posterior nasal spine, creates the convex shape on the nasal surface of the velum, shortens/lifts/increases the bulk of the velum
130
glossopalatine
muscle of the tongue and velum (side of tongue) downward and forward pull on velum
131
pharyngopalatine
lower half of the lateral wall of the pharynx and thyroid cartilage, pulls down and back on velum
132
manner of production
1. stop-plosive
2. fricative
3. affricate
4. nasal
5. semivowel
133
stop-plosive
Air builds up behind a block in the mouth, then bursts out. VP port tightly closed.
134
fricative
Air flows fast through a narrow space, creating friction. VP port tightly closed.
135
affricate
Starts like a stop-plosive but releases air more smoothly. VP port tightly closed.
136
nasal
Mouth is blocked, but air flows through the nose. VP port open.
137
semivowel
Mouth slightly constricted, more than vowels but less than other consonants. VP port varies.
138
places of production
labial-lips
labiodental-lip/teeth
dental-tongue/teeth
alveolar-tongue/gum
palatal-tongue/hardpalate
velar- tongue/velum
glottal-vocal folds
139
differentiating vowels
no signifacant constriction of the vocal tract, open sounds/voiced, intense sounds
140
differentiating consonants
significant constriction of the vocal tract, constricted sounds, less intense
141
forward coarticulation
anticipatory co-articulation
142
backward coarticulation
regressive co-articulation
143
assimilation
the result of coarticulation
144
assimilatory processes- contact
processes that modify directly adjacent sounds
145
assimilatory processes - remote
if at least one other segment separates the sounds in question, especially when the 2 sounds are in 2 different syllables
146
progressive assimilation
segment influences a following sound in a left to right manner
147
regressive assimilation
sound segment influences a preceding sound
148
aerodynamic considerations
speech sound production requires a supply of air and valving of the air
149
inadequate air pressure buildup is usually due to faulty:
1. velopharyngeal mechanism
2. laryngeal mechanism
3. oral cavity (loss of tissue/muscle)
4. respiratory system
150
reduced inraoral air pressure for consonants may be related to :
1.) respiratory weakness
2.) loss of air through nose
3.) allowing air to escape
151
frequency
pitch
152
amplitude
loudness
153
duration
lenght
154
tactile
touch and pressure
155
proprioceptive
knowledge of position in space
156
kinesthetic
knowledge of movement
157
auditory
knowledge of how it sounds
158
what is the primary role of velopharyngeal nasal function
for speech to control the degree of coupling between the oral and nasal cavities
159
For oral speech sounds the VP valve is usually _____-, aerodynamic and
acoustic energies are channeled through the oral cavity
closed
160
For nasal speech sounds, the VP valve is ____ and aerodynamic & acoustic
energies are channeled through the nasal cavities
open
161
oral nasal coupling has 2 parts
airflow and sound energy control
162
airflow control
The velopharynx closes to direct airflow through the mouth for oral sounds.
163
sound energy control
Balancing sound energy between the mouth and nose is key for making oral and nasal consonants
164
high oral air pressure
production of oral consonants with closed vp port
165
low oral air pressure
production of nasal consonants with open vp port
166
How does VP function influence speech breathing?
Opening the VP valve during oral inhalation reduces inspiratory resistance, allowing the breath to refill easily for speech.
167
how is the infant vp-nasal apparatus different from an adults?
the infants vp-nasal apparatus is not a mini version of the adults; it undergoes significant changes as the child grows
168
what happens to the velum and epiglottis at birth?
at birth the lower boarder of the velum approximates the upper border of the epiglottis.
169
what changes occur between 4-6 months in vp development?
the velum and epiglottis separate as the larynx lowers, and the soft palates grow.
170
how do structural changes affect the vp function?
as the palate grows muscles like the paired palatal levators improve their mechanical advantages for velar elevation
171
how are early infant vocalizations produced?
early infant vocalizations are made with an open velum.
172
when does the velum begin to close for oral sound production?
the velum starts to close for oral sound production around 4-6 months.
173
what has a bigger pharynx? (men or women)
men
174
velopharyngeal function disorders (congenital)
-cleft palate
-short velum
-deep pharynx
-neuromuscular difficulties
175
velopharyngeal function disorders (acquired)
-traumatic brain injury
-stroke
-progressive neuromuscular disorder
176
