swallowing

Question 1

what are the structures that are involved in swallowing

Answer 1

chest wall, vocal folds, ventricular folds, epiglottis, pharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx, velum, tongue, mandible, and lips

Question 2

what is the esophagus

Answer 2

a flexible tube that stretches from the lower pharynx to the stomach. it lies behind the trachea, pulmonary apparatus, and heart

Question 3

what are the vocal folds role in swallowing

Answer 3

helps close the airway to protect it during swallowing

Question 4

define the pharynx

Answer 4

a muscular tube that helps move food to the esophagus

Question 5

how long is the esophagus

Answer 5

about 20 cm

Question 6

what type of muscle is in the cervical esophagus

Answer 6

striated

Question 7

what type of muscle is in the thoracic esophagus

Answer 7

mixed striated and smooth

Question 8

what type of muscle is in the abdominal esophagus

Answer 8

smooth

Question 9

what is the upper esophageal sphincter

Answer 9

a high pressure area at the top of the esophagus

Question 10

what is the lower esophageal sphincter

Answer 10

a high pressure area at the bottom of the esophagus

Question 11

what is the stomach made of

Answer 11

smooth muscle, mucosa, and other tissue

Question 12

where is the stomach located

Answer 12

left side of the abdominal cavity

Question 13

what does the pyloric sphincter do

Answer 13

it regulates the exit of food into the small intestine

Question 14

what are the passive forces in swallowing

Answer 14

tissue recoil, surface tension, gravity, and air pressure

Question 15

what are the active forces in swallowing

Answer 15

muscle activation in breathing, larynx, and pharynx

Question 16

what is the point of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters

Answer 16

they act as closed valves at rest

Question 17

what is the first phase of swallowing and what happens

Answer 17

oral prep phase- bolus is chewed or held for swallowing

Question 18

what is the second phase of swallowing and what happens

Answer 18

oral transport phase- bolus pushed to the pharynx

Question 19

what is the third phase of swallowing and what happens

Answer 19

pharyngeal transport phase- bolus moves through the pharynx and to the esophagus

Question 20

what is the fourth phase of swallowing and what happens

Answer 20

esophageal transport phase- bolus moves to the stomach via peristalsis

Question 21

when does swallowing begin in the fetus

Answer 21

12.5 weeks gestation

Question 22

what is suckling

Answer 22

early feeding movement with forward-backward tongue motion

Question 23

what is sucking

Answer 23

a stronger tongue movement to pull thicker substances

Question 24

at what age can babies eat soft foods

Answer 24

6 months

Question 25

when is regular table food typically introduced

Answer 25

2-3 years

Question 26

what is swallow-related apnea

Answer 26

a brief pause in breathing during swallowing

Question 27

when does swallowing usually occur in the breathing cycle

Answer 27

during expiration

Question 28

how long does the apneic interval last

Answer 28

about 1 second

Question 29

what can influence the apneic interval

Answer 29

bolus size, ventilation, and timing

Question 30

what is dysphagia

Answer 30

a swallowing disorder

Question 31

what are organic causes of dysphagia

Answer 31

structural, neurogenic, or systematic issues

Question 32

what is functional dysphagia

Answer 32

swallowing issues with no physical cause

Question 33

what is phagophobia

Answer 33

fear of swallowing

Question 34

which cranial nerve controls the upper esophageal sphincter

Answer 34

vagus nerve (X)

Question 35

which cranial nerve controls the lower esophageal sphincter

Answer 35

vagus nerve (X)

Question 36

what controls the automatic phases of swallowing

Answer 36

the brainstem

Question 37

what controls the voluntary phases of swallowing

Answer 37

cortical and subcortical areas

Question 38

what can happen with damage to the Vagus Nerve

Answer 38

voice and swallowing problems

Question 39

What does the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) do during swallowing?

Answer 39

The UES opens to allow food to pass from the pharynx into the esophagus and prevents air from entering the esophagus.

Question 40

How does the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function?

Answer 40

The LES prevents food from refluxing back into the esophagus after it passes into the stomach

Question 41

what is the peristalsis in the esophagus

Answer 41

it is a series of wave like muscle contractions that move the bolus through the esophagus

Question 42

what is the role of the pyloric sphincter in digestion

Answer 42

it regulates the flow of food from the stomach into the small intestine

Question 43

the areas of the ues and les are zones of _____

Answer 43

high pressure

Question 44

how many liters of liquids/solids does the stomach hold

Answer 44

about 1 liter

Question 45

bolus is held with the tongue tip elevated and contacting the back surface of the maxillary incisors

Answer 45

dipper

Question 46

hold bolus on the floor of the oral cavity in front of the tongue

Answer 46

tipper