Exam 1 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
The two layers of the dura mater are the ______ layer and the ____ layer.
A
Periosteal and meningeal
2
Q
Reality is a collection of all our ______ senses
A
Sensory
3
Q
____ and _____ allow us to experience “reality”
A
PNS; CNS
4
Q
The average weight of the human brain is _____ pounds
A
3.2
5
Q
Telencephalon consists of _____ hemispheres and ______ ganglia
A
Cerebral; basal
6
Q
The tertiary branch of mesencephalon is the _______
A
Midbrain
7
Q
Meninges are ____ layers of the membrane that help ______ the brain
A
3; protect
8
Q
The primary auditory cortex is located in the _____________ gyrus
A
Superior temporal
9
Q
The midbrain can also be known as the _______
A
Mesencephalon
10
Q
Efferent means to send motor info _______ from the cell body
A
Away
11
Q
Structure often dictates _____
A
Function
12
Q
The primary branch of the forebrain is the ____________
A
Prosencephalon
13
Q
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the __________ ____________ gyrus
A
Post central
14
Q
Metencephalon consists of ________ and __________
A
Cerebellum; pons
15
Q
Diencephalon consists of the _________
A
Thalami
16
Q
Sulci are the _______ in the brain
A
Grooves
17
Q
The secondary branches of the forebrain are ______ and ________
A
Telencephalon; diencephalon
18
Q
The splenium of the corpus callosum is the ________ at the ________ end
A
Bulb; posterior
19
Q
The parietal lobe is for _______
A
Somatosensory
20
Q
The corpus callosum connects the ______ and _________ hemisphere of the _________
A
Left; right; brain
21
Q
The primary visual cortex is located in the ________ _________
A
Occipital lobe
22
Q
What is sensory info towards the cell body is called?
A
Afferent
23
Q
The isthmus of the corpus callosum is the _______ section
A
Thinning
24
Q
The secondary branch of the rhombencephalon is the _______ and ________
A
Metencephalon; myelencephalon
25
The primary auditory cortex is Brodmann’s area _____
41
26
Skin, connective tissue, galea aponeurotica, loose areolar connective tissue, pericardium, meninges, and CSF are layers of protection for the ________
Head
27
What ligament anchors the spinal cord to the dural sac?
Denticulate ligament
28
What fissure separates the brain into left and right hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
29
The sagittal plane divides into ______ and _______ sides
Left; right
30
The tertiary branches of the rhombencephalon are ________ ________, _________, and _________
Medulla oblongata; pons; cerebellum
31
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
32
What plane divides the body into equal left and right sides?
Mid-sagittal plane
33
The CNS is compromised of the ______ ___________, and __________
Spinal cord; brain
34
What lobe is responsible for voluntary movement, expressive language, planning/organizing, and inhibition?
Frontal lobe
35
What cortex is Brodmann’s area 3, 1, 2?
Primary somatosensory
36
What lobe is primary visual cortex and visual processing a function of?
Occipital lobe
37
What are the tertiary branches of the forebrain?
Cerebrum and thalami
38
What sulcus divides the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe?
Lateral sulcus
39
What lobe is responsible for the primary auditory cortex, recognition of language, object recognition, and helps encode long term memory?
Temporal lobe
40
What does the myelencephalon consist of?
The medulla
41
What divides the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central sulcus
42
What are the bumps and ridges of the brain called?
Gyri
43
What is the primary branch of the hindbrain?
Rhombencephalon
44
What plane divides the superior from the inferior?
Horizontal
45
What plane divides the anterior from the posterior?
Frontal
46
What are the 3 meninge layers?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
47
What is the PNS made up of?
Somatic nervous system, cranial, spinal nerves, and ANS
48
What sulcus divides the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
49
What is the terminal anchor of the spinal cord after the conus medullaris?
Filum terminal
50
The notochord comes from the mesoderm and is the defining vertebral development. What does the adult notochord become known as?
Nucleus pulposus
51
What is a group of cells outside of the CNS called?
Ganglion
52
The epiblast layer continues to thicken and go into the hypoblast layer. This makes the primitive streak more pronounced and now _______ occurs
Gastrulation
53
Where does fertilization most frequently occur?
Ampulla of fallopian tube
54
What is the name of the hole at the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord starts?
Foramen magnum
55
What is the name of the remaining hair-like structures after the spinal cord?
Cauda-equina
56
Week 2 is the stage of organization. Embryoblasts continue to differentiate and give rise to what 2 structures?
Epiblasts and hypoblasts
57
What plate is the afferent part of the spinal cord?
Alar plate
58
What are the blocks of cells from the parasail mesodermal that form important structures such as vertebrae, ribs, skeletal muscles, and dermis of the back?
Somites
59
What ligament anchors the spinal cord to the ducal sac?
Denticulate
60
What is the inner cell mass known as?
Embryoblast
61
What is the outer cell mass known as?
Trophoblast
62
As cleavage continues with rapid mitosis divisions, and we get around 16 cells, the zygote is now renamed to what?
The morula
63
What occurs in days 7-9 of development?
Implantation
64
What kind of cell derivatives are the dorsal root ganglia, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, meninges, macroglia, enteric ganglia, Schwann cells, and sympathetic ganglia?
Neural crest
65
The process from the time we have our morula to the time we have our blastocyst is called?
Blastulation
66
Failure of the __________ _____________ to close causes defects such as spina bifida, meningeoceole, and meningmyelocle
Neural tube
67
What is the process when the notochord induces thickening of the ectoderm, which then becomes the neural plate?
Neuralation
68
Around 2-4 days in development, a process known as _______ happens where there are rapid mitotic divisions without growth
Cleavage
69
What 2 vitamins are super important for fetal development?
B9 and B12
70
What is a collection of cells in the CNS called?
Nuclei
71
What is the name of the neural tube that is formed during neuralation?
Spinal cord
72
What layer gives rise to the musculoskeletal system?
Mesoderm
73
What is the thick glycoprotein coat around an oocyte?
Zona pellucida
74
What is the motor portion of the developing spinal cord?
Basal plate
75
Where does the spinal cord end (around L1-L2)?
Conus medullaris
76
What does the PNS consist of?
Spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and ANS
77
What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?
Glial cells and neurons
78
What cells in the nervous system are able to replicate?
Glial cells
79
What are the supporting cells of the nervous system? They are the glue
Glial
80
What is another name for the cell body of a neuron?
Soma
81
What speeds up the transmission of a nerve impulse on an axon?
Myelin
82
Where do Schwann cells reside?
PNS
83
What part of a neuron transmits signals towards the cell body?
Dendrites
84
What part of the neuron transmits signals away from the cell body?
Axons
85
What matter consists of the neural cell bodies, axon terminals, and dendrites?
Gray
86
Structural classification of neurons is based on the number of processes off of the ________
Soma
87
What is an example of a pseudounipolar classification neuron?
Sensory neurons
88
What is an example of a multipolar classification neuron?
Motor neurons
89
What is the structural classification of sensory or afferent impulses that are conducted in the CNS?
Unipolar or pseudoipolar
90
What is the structural classification of motor or efferent impulses that are conducted towards effector organs?
Multipolar, motor neurons
91
A _______ is 4-100 microns
Neuronal
92
_____ and _______ allow a nerve to conduct more quickly
Myelin; diameter
93
What cells produce myelin?
Schwann
94
What classification of nerve fibers are responsible for slow pain?
Type C fibers
95
What classification of nerve fibers are responsible for fast pain?
Type A fibers
96
Where are the ependymal cells located?
In the ventricles
97
What cells make myelin in the PNS?
Schwann cells
98
What cells make myelin in the CNS?
Oligiodendrytes
99
_______ are contributors to the blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
100
What is the most abundant glial cell?
Astrocytes
101
What cells maintain neural networks, injury repair, and act as the “clean up crew”?
Microglial
102
What is 90% of the gray matter called?
Neocortex
103
What are the six layers of the neocortex?
Molecular layer, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, and multiform
104
What dendritic tufts of the pyramidal nerves are the motor neurons that assist in voluntary movement?
Apical
105
The molecular layer of the neocortex is layer number ____
1
106
The external granular layer of the neocortex is layer number ______
2
107
The two layers of the neocortex that are essentially the same are called the _______ granular and the external ________
External; pyramidal
108
The internal granular layer of the neocortex is layer number _________
4
109
The internal pyramidal layer of the neocortex is layer number _______
5
110
What layer number is the multiform layer?
6 (the deepest)
111
What is nociception?
A process by which receptors receive tissue damaging signals (pain)
112
What are mechanoreceptors?
A process where receptors are stimulated by physical forces such as pressure, stretch, vibration, or joint movement
113
What is proprioception?
Kinesthetic awareness in space from visual or vestibular input
114
What are the four types of mechanoreceptors?
Meissner corpuscle, pakinian corpuscle, Ruffini corpuscle, and hair follicle receptors
115
What corpuscle is responsible for transmitting the sensations of fine, discriminative, touch and vibration (feeling the difference between 2 things)?
Meissner
116
What corpuscle acts as a receptor for pressure and vibration?
Pacinian
117
What corpuscle records low frequency vibration or pressure?
Ruffini
118
What receptors allow you to feel your skin when you are not exactly touching with your fingers?
The hair follicle
119
What corpuscles are mechanoreceptors that are the only one to be slow adapting?
Ruffini
120
What kind of nerve is unencapsulated, unmyelinated axon terminal that conveys nociceptive signals orthodromically?
Free nerve endings
121
Orthodontic
To send towards the cell body
122
What organ is for reflexes (like hitting the patellar tendon) and myotendinous junctions?
Golgi tendon
123
Nerves are bundles of axons. Are they located in the CNS or PNS?
PNS
124
Tracts are bundles of axons. Are they located inside the PNS or CNS?
CNS
125
What are the unmyelinated spaces on the axon that produce depolarization?
Nodes of ranvier
126
What cells are supportive cells for neurons in the PNS?
Satellite cells
127
______ are surrounded with myelin
Axons
128
What are fascicles? What are they surrounded by?
Bundles of axons; perineurium
129
What are funiculi? What is it surrounded by?
Bundles of fascicles; epineurium
130
What does schwann cell NGF (nerve growth factor) allow cells to do?
Regenerate
131
What are the three types of nerve injuries?
Neuroproxia, axonotmesis, and neurotmesis
132
What is neuroproxia?
Local myelin damage that is usually from compression
133
What is axonotmesis?
What the axon is severed, but the endoneurium is still intact
134
what is the largest white mater structure in the brain?
corpus callosum
135
commissural tracts/fibers
white matter that connects contralateral hemispheres
136
association fibers
white matter that connects different areas of the SAME hemisphere
137
projection fibers
white matter that connects the cortex with other areas in the CNS
138
Frontal lobe function
voluntary movement, expressive language, executive function, inhibition, and emotional expression
139
parietal lobe function
sensory perception and integration. spatial mapping/attention, reading, mathematics, and assigning meaning to sense
140
temporal lobe function
primary auditory cortex, recognition of language, object recognition, and assists in long-term memory
141
what is apart of the limbic system?
amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus, para-hippocampal gyrus
142
what Brodmann's area is the primary motor cortex?
B.A. 4, 6
143
what Brodmann's area is the primary visual area?
B.A. 17
144
what are the names of the two areas that the periosteal layer and meningeal layer of the dura mater are NOT fused together?
falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
145
what is the epidural space?
a potential space located between the inner surface of the skull and tightly adherent dura
146
what is the subarachnoid space?
the space below the arachnoid mater and above the pia mater. contains CSF and major arteries
147
what is the subdural space?
a potential space between the inner layer of the dura and the loosely adhered arachnoid
148
do potential spaces normally occur?
no. they are only present in degenerating brains and when there are brain health issues
149
what separates the lateral ventricles from the 3rd ventricle?
the interventricular foramen of monro
150
what separates the 3rd ventricle from the 4th ventricle?
the cerebral aqueduct
151
what allows CSF to move from the 4th ventricle to the central canal?
lateral foramen of luschka and the medial foramen of magendie
152
neural crest cell derivatives
dorsal root ganglion, adrenal medulla, melanocytes, meninges, macroglia, enteric ganglia, sympathetic ganglia, and schwann cells
153
neurotmesis
complete physiologic disruption of the entire nerve trunk. nerve is severed
