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Neuroanatomy 1- PCCF tri 1 > final exam (new content) > Flashcards

final exam (new content) Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

what is the embryological origin of the thalamus?

A

diencephalon of prosencephalon

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2
Q

what is NOT processed in the thalamus?

A

olfaction

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3
Q

what are the thalamic nuclei?

A

lateral nuclear group, medial nuclear group, anterior nuclear group

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4
Q

paraventricular nuclei

A

separates the medial part of thalamus with ependymal cells of 3rd ventricle

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5
Q

reticular nuclei

A

envelopes each lateral thalamus

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6
Q

intralaminar nuclei

A

within the internal medullary lamina

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7
Q

relay nuclei

A

receives info (visual, acoustic, primary somatosensory, motor input)

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8
Q

what are the 3 parts of relay nuclei?

A

anterior, medial, lateral

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9
Q

anterior relay nuclei function

A

send + receive signals that affect attention, alertness, learning

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10
Q

hippocampal-diencephalic-cingulate circuits

A

anterior thalamic nuclei that helps w/long term memory + limbic system

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11
Q

medial nuclei of relay nuclei

A

sensory integrator

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12
Q

dorsomedial nucleus

A

responsible for integrating sensory motor, visceral, + olfactory info into emotional state (medial nuclei of relay nuclei)

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13
Q

anteromedial magnocellular

A

receives olfactory input + establishes reciprocal connections w/olfactory areas on frontal lobe

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14
Q

posterolateral parvocellular

A

establishes reciprocal connections w/prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, + supplemental motor areas

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15
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the dorsomedial nucleus?

A

anteromedial magnocellular + posterolateral parvocellular

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16
Q

what part of the relay nuclei is the most clinically relevant?

A

lateral nuclear group

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17
Q

ventral tier of lateral nuclei

A

VPL + VPM

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18
Q

dorsal tier of lateral nuclei

A

MGN, LGN, + pulvinar

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19
Q

ventral anterior nucleus of lateral nuclei function

A

modulates + relays the signals from the basal ganglia to the premotor cortex. planning and initiating movements

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20
Q

ventral lateral nucleus of lateral nuclei function

A

central integrative center for motor control. active during passive + active movements

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21
Q

VPL function

A

input from medial lemniscus + spinothalamic pathways

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22
Q

VPM function

A

receives projections from the trigeminothalamic pathway

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23
Q

lateral dorsal nucleus of lateral nuclei

A

helps with vision, long term memory, + emotions. associated with limbic system

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24
Q

MGN function

A

thalamic relay station of the auditory pathway between inferior colliculus + auditory cortex

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25
LGN function
thalamic relay station for visual pathway
26
pulvinar function
receives input from visual pathway. exact function is unknown
27
reticular nuclei function
regulates the activity of the thalamus
28
intralaminar nuclei function
activation of the cortex from the brainstem reticular formation. sensory-motor integration. speaking and motivation
29
what thalamic nuclei does not project to the nucleus?
reticular nuclei
30
primary blood supply to the thalamus
posterior communicating artery
31
what is the papez circuit?
a circuit that helps with memory retention
32
what nuclei is the papez circuit associated with?
anterior thalamic nuclei
33
basal ganglia functions
controlling motor functions, assist learning, regulation of emotion
34
putamen function
primary addiction center
35
striatum dorsal function
cellular bridges between caudate + putamen
36
striatum ventral function
neural interface between motivation + action
37
substantia nigra function
dopamine released to excite or inhibit
38
subthalamic nuclei function
modulation of movement
39
3 main pathways
direct, indirect, + nigrostriatal
40
direct pathway function
facilitates targeted oriented movements + increases cortical outputs
41
result of direct pathway
increases motor output
42
direct pathway excitatory route
cerebral cortex -> striatum
43
direct pathway inhibitory route
striatum to globus pallidus
44
indiect pathway function
inhibits competing movements
45
indirect pathway results
less cortical output
46
indirect pathway excitatory route
cortex -> striatum
47
indirect pathway inhibitory route
striatum -> globus pallidus extrena. globus pallidus externa -> subthalamic nuclei
48
types of dopamine receptors
D1 and D2
49
D1 receptors are...
excitatory by the direct pathway
50
D2 receptors are...
inhibitory by the indirect pathway
51
nigrostriatal pathway function
modulation of direct + indirect pathways
52
nigrostriatal pathway result
dual effect of exciting the direct pathway while simultaneously inhibiting the indirect pathway
53
damage to the direct or nigrostriatal pathway results in what type of movement disorder?
hypokinetic movement disorders
54
damage to the indirect pathway results in what type of movement disorder?
hyperkinetic movement disorders
55
what is the only purely excitatory pathway in the basal ganglia?
subthalamic nuclei
56
hyperdirect pathway function
thought to be involved in the suppression/inhibition of movement
57
what causes parkinson's?
the loss of dopamine. degeneration of substantia nigra
58
what is the result of the loss of dopamine?
net inhibition on thalamus
59
hemiballismus is caused by the damage to?
the subthalamic nuclei
60
hemiballismus
unilateral wild flinging movements of the extremities contralateral to the lesion in the basal ganglia
61
what kind of movement disorder is associated with hemiballismus?
hyperkinetic movement
62
huntington's disease is often caused by damage to?
enkephalin neurons associated with the indirect pathway
63
what pathways does huntingtons disease affect?
the indirect pathway
64
spasticity
abnormal increase in muscle tone or stiffness. UMNL sign
65
ataxia
irregular, uncoordinated movements caused by lesions of cerebellar circuitry
66
dyskinesia
abnormal movements caused by basal ganglia dysfunction. 'abnormal movement'
67
bradykinesia
slowed movements
68
hypokinesia
decreased amount of movements
69
akinesia
no movement
70
rigidity
increased resistance to passive movement
71
dystonia
state of abnormal muscle tone resulting in muscular spasm and abnormal posture. typically due to neurological disease
72
chorea (dance)
neurological disorder characterized by spamodic involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles
73
tics
sudden brief action that is preceded by an urge to perform it and is followed by a sense of relief
74
what artery is formed when the 2 vertebral arteries merge?
basilar artery
75
what artery does the vertebral arteries come from?
subclavian arteries
76
the basilar artery bifurcates to form what artery?
posterior cerebral arteries
77
what artery joins the vertebral-basilar system with the anterior system?
posterior communicating arteries
78
what artery completes the circle of willis?
the anterior communicating artery
79
what artery supplies the thalamus?
posterior cerebral arteries
80
lenticulostriate artery is a branch off of...?
middle cerebral artery
81
what does the lenticulostriate artery supply?
caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, and posterior limb of internal capsule
82
what is the anterior choroidal artery a branch of?
ICA
83
what does the anterior choroidal artery supply?
basal ganglia, hippocampus, posterior limb of internal capsule
84
where is Broca's area?
inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere
85
where is Brodmann's area 44?
within Broca's area, inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere
86
what is Broca's area responsible for?
production of speech
87
what is Brodmann's 44 area responsible for?
production of speech
88
what artery supplies broca's area?
middle cerebral artery
89
what artery supplies brodmann's area 44?
middle cerebral artery
90
where is wernicke's area?
within brodmann's area 22, posterior 1/3 of superior temporal gyrus
91
where is Brodmann's area 22?
posterior 1/3 of superior temporal gyrus
92
what is wernicke's area responsible for?
speech comprehension
93
what is Brodmann's area 22 responsible for?
speech comprehension
94
what artery supplies wernicke's area
inferior middle cerebral artery
95
what artery supplies Brodmann's area 22?
inferior middle cerebral artery
96
what are the positive findings of the vertebral artery test? (5Ds + 3Ns)
diplopia, dizziness, drop attack, dysarthria, dysphagia, nausea, nystagmus, numbness
97
what does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
inferior temporal lobe + occipital lobes
98
what does the internal carotid artery supply?
middle cerebral arteries and anterior cerebral arteries
99
what does the middle cerebral artery supply?
portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
100
what does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
the cortex on the medial surface of the frontal + parietal lobes
101
Broca's aphasia
non-fluent aphasia where output of spontaneous speech is diminished and loss of normal grammatical structure

Neuroanatomy 1- PCCF tri 1 (7 decks)

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