Exam 3 Flashcards
(262 cards)
1
Q
cerebellum primary function
A
coordinating motor functions
2
Q
what motor functions does the cerebellum coordinate?
A
balance, equilibrium, muscle tone, motor learning
3
Q
where is the cerebellum located?
A
posterior cranial fossa
4
Q
what is the vermis?
A
rounded, elongated central part of the cerebellum
5
Q
how many lobes does the cerebellum have?
A
3
6
Q
what are the 3 lobes in the cerebellum called?
A
anterior lobe, posterior lobe, flocculonodular lobe
7
Q
what separates the anterior + posterior lobes of the cerebellum?
A
primary fissure
8
Q
which lobe is considered to be the oldest + most primitive?
A
flocculonodular lobe
9
Q
spinocerebellum functional area charateristics
A
ascending, afferent, sensory input, unconscious proprioception
10
Q
where is the spinocerebellum functional area located?
A
anterior lobe, vermis, paravermis
11
Q
cerebrocerebellum functional area characteristics
A
descending, efferent, motor output
12
Q
where is the cerebrocerebellum functional area located?
A
posterior lobe
13
Q
vestibulocerebellum functional area characteristics
A
ascending, afferent, sensory input, balance
14
Q
where is the vestibulocerebellum functional area located?
A
flocculonodular lobe
15
Q
anterior lobe functions
A
mediate unconscious proprioception through the spinocerebellar pathways
16
Q
posterior lobe functions
A
influences initiation, planning, and coordination of movement that helps determine the strength, direction, + scope of the movement through cerebrocerebellar pathways
17
Q
flocculonodular lobe functions
A
rec
18
Q
What are the 4 cerebellar nuclei?
A
dentate nucleus, emboliform nucleus, globose nucleus, fastigial nucleus
19
Q
dentate nucleus characteristics
A
lateral hemispheres. regulates fine-control of voluntary movements, cognition, language, + sensory functions
20
Q
what is the interposed nucleus?
A
the emboliform + globose nuclei
21
Q
what is the interposed nucleus responsible for?
A
coordinating agonist/antagonist muscle pairs
22
Q
fastigial nucleus characteristics
A
smallest + oldest nuclei. connected with the flocculonodular lobe
23
Q
vestibulocerebellar loop
A
coordination of balance, vestibulo-ocular reflex, output to lower motor neurons for trunk + limb stability
24
Q
spinocerebellar loop
A
coordination + correction of trunk + limb movements
25
cerebrocerebellar loop
streamlining of cortical output
26
what are the 3 criteria of a neurotransmitter?
1. substance must be present within the presynaptic neuron
2. substrate must be released in response to presynaptic depolarization + the release must be Ca+ dependent
3. specific receptors for the substance must be present on postsynaptic cell
27
what are the main excitatory neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine, glutamate, + dopamine
28
what are the main inhibitory neurotransmitters?
GABA + serotonin
29
what are the 3 layers of the cerebral cortex, superficial to deepest?
molecular layer, purkinje cell, + granular layer
30
what cells are in the molecular layer?
axons of granule cells, dendrites of purkinjes, stellate cells, basket cells
31
what cells are in the purkinje cell layer?
large neuronal purkinje cell bodies
32
what cells are in the granular layer?
granule cells, golgi cells, axons from mossy fibers
33
neuronal sharpening
repitition of an object stimulus results in faster and better recognition of this object
34
excitatory cells in the 3 layers in the cerebral cortex?
climbing fibers, mossy fibers, golgi cell, granule cell
35
inhibitory cells in the 3 layers in the cerebral cortex?
purkinje cell, stellate cells, basket cells
36
what might cerebellar dysfunction present with clinically?
balance problems, gait disorders/ataxia, uncoordinated movement, speech problems, visual problems, vertigo
37
what are dentate ligaments?
bilateral extensions of pia mater
38
how many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
39
how many cervical n are there?
8 pairs
40
how many thoracic n are there?
12
41
how many lumbar n are there?
5
42
how many sacral n are there?
5
43
how many coccygeal n are there?
1
44
are spinal nerves sensory fibers, motor fibers, or both?
both
45
where do the cervical nerves exit from?
c1-c7 exit above the corresponding vertebrae
46
where do the rest of the spinal nerves exit from? (all except cervical)
below the corresponding vertebrae
47
where is the gray matter in the spinal cord?
in the middle "h" or butterfly shaped area
48
what are the gray matter columns?
dorsal horn, lateral horn/intermediate column, + ventral horn
49
dorsal horn characteristics
somatosensory. found at all levels of spinal cord
50
lateral horn/intermediate column characteristics
autonomic neurons that innervate visceral + pelvic organs. found in T1-L2
51
ventral horn characteristics
motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle
52
what are the nuclei of the spinal cord?
marginal zone, substanstia gelatinosa, nucleus proprius, dorsal nucleus of clarke, interomediolateral nucleus, lateral motor neurons/medial motor neurons
53
marginal zone (MZ) location
the tip of the dorsal horn
54
marginal zone nuclei function
relays pain + temperature
55
substantia gelatinosa (SG) location
at the top of the dorsal horn, below marginal zone
56
substantia gelatinosa function
relay pain, temperature + light touch
57
nucleus proprius (NP) location
the neck of the dorsal horn
58
nucleus proprius function
relay mechanical + temperature sensation
59
dorsal nucleus of clarke (DNC) location
the most dorso-medial nuclei
60
dorsal nucleus of clarke function
UNCONSCIOUS proprioceptive info to the brain
61
interomediolateral nucleus (IMN) location
intermediate column + lateral horn
62
interomediolateral nucleus function
sensory info from viscera to brain. autonomic signals from brain to viscera
63
motor neurons (MN) location
ventral horns
64
motor neurons function
supply skeletal muscle of the limbs
65
what type of neurons can be in rexed lamina?
motor neurons, sensory/tract neurons, inter-neurons, propriospinal neurons
66
motor neurons characteristics
innervate effector tissues
67
sensory/tract neurons characteristics
ascend in white matter
68
inter-neurons characteristics
short processes
69
propriospinal neurons characteristics
communicate info over all distance types within the spinal cord
70
lamina I location
in + a little posterior to the marginal zone
71
lamina II location
in the substantia gelatinosa
72
lamina III, IV, V location
in and around the nucleus proprius
73
lamina VII location
intermediate gray matter, dorsal nucleus of clarke, intermediomedial column
74
lamina IX location
anterior horn
75
lamina X location
gray commissure right around spinal cord
76
what is another name for lamina I?
lamina marginalis or layer of waldeyer
77
what is the function of lamina I?
respond to noxious stimuli
78
lamina II associated function?
sensation of noxious/non-noxious stimuli + pain interpretation
79
what specific nuclei is associated with lamina II?
substantia gelatinosa
80
what are lamina III + IV referred to as together?
nucleus proprius
81
what is the main type of fibers carried by lamina III + IV?
position + light touch sense
82
what stimuli does lamina V respond to?
noxious + visceral afferent stimuli
83
what does lamina VI convey?
proprioception + spinal reflexes
84
what lamina corresponds with the deepest layer of the dorsal horn?
lamina VI
85
what pathways does lamina VI use to convey signals?
spinocerebellar
86
where is lamina VI absent in the spinal cord?
cervical + lumbosacral enlargements
87
what lamina occupies the largest region?
lamina VII
88
what is the location of lamina VII?
ventral + intermediate zone
89
lamina VII functions?
receives input from lamina II-VI + viscera. relays motor info to viscera
90
where is the nucleus dorsalis of clarke?
medial + ventral to dorsal horn in C8-L3
91
what lamina is dorsal nucleus of clarke associated with?
lamina VII
92
what is the function of dorsal nucleus of clarke?
form spinocerebellar tract
93
where are the intermediolateral cell columns located?
lateral portion of the intermediate zone
94
what is the function of the intermediolateral cell column?
formation of the lateral horn
95
where is the lateral horn of the gray matter found?
T1-L2 ONLY
96
where is the sacral autonomic nucleus located?
lateral part of lamina VII in S2-S4 segments
97
what can be found in the sacral autonomic nucleus?
preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
98
where is lamina VIII found?
medial aspects of the ventral horns
99
what regions is lamina VIII most prominent?
cervical (BP) + lumbar (lumbo-sacral plexus) enlargements
100
what do the cells in lamina VIII help modulate?
motor output to skeletal muscles
101
what descending tracts terminate in lamina VIII?
vestibulospinal + reticulospinal tracts
102
lamina IX locations?
small out-pockets in the dorsal lateral aspects of the ventral horns
103
what are lower motor neurons?
neurons that innervate skeletal muscle
104
alpha motor neurons
extrafusal fibers of striated skeletal muscle
105
what are characteristics of alpha motor neurons?
muscle contraction
106
gamma motor neurons
intrafusal fibers of neuromuscular spindles
107
what are characteristics of alpha motor neurons?
help maintain tone
108
what do the medial areas in lamina IX innervate?
axial musculature
109
what do the lateral areas of lamina IX innervate?
the muscles of the limbs
110
what lamina is the phrenic nucleus located in?
lamina IX
111
where is the phrenic nucleus located?
ventromedial area of the ventral horn in segments C2-C5
112
what is the function of the phrenic nucleus?
innervation of the diaphragm
113
what lamina is the spinal accessory nucleus associated with?
lamina IX
114
where is the spinal accessory nucleus located?
lateral area of the ventral horn, segments C1-C5
115
what can the spinal accessory nucleus also be referred to as?
CN XI
116
what is the spinal accessory nucleus responsible for?
innervation of the trapezius + sternocleidomastoid muscles
117
what lamina is the nucleus of onuf associated with?
lamina IX
118
where is the nucleus of onuf located?
ventrolaterrally in S1-S2 segments
119
what does the nucleus of onuf supply/innervate?
striated voluntary muscles of the pelvic floor
120
where is lamina X located?
surrounding the central canal
121
what is included in lamina X?
the ventral gray commissure, small neurons, neuroglia, + decussating axons
122
somatosensory spinal tract pathways generalization of modality
touch, pain, temperature, kinesthesia, proprioception
123
somatosensory spinal tract pathways generalization of the amount of receptors
usually 3
124
where is the primary neuron in somatosensory pathways?
dorsal root ganglion (spinal ganglion)
125
where is the secondary neuron in somatosensory pathways?
spinal cord or brain stem
126
where is the tertiary neuron in somatosensory pathways?
thalamus ( ventrobasal nuclear complex)
127
anterolateral system pathways
ventral/lateral spinothalamic, spinoreticular, + spinomesencephalic
128
129
Marginal zone location
Tip of the dorsal horn
130
Marginal zone function
Relays pain, temperature, + sensation
131
Substantial gelatinosa location
Top of the dorsal horn
132
Substantial gelatinosa function
Relays pain, temperature, + light touch
133
Nucleus proprius location
Neck of the dorsal horn
134
Nucleus proprius function
Relays mechanical + temperature sensation
135
Dorsal nucleus of Clarke location
Most dorsal-medial nuclei
136
Dorsal nucleus of Clarke function
Unconscious proprioceptive info to the brain
137
Interomediolateral nucleus location
Intermediate column + lateral horn
138
Interomediolateral nucleus function
Sensory info from visceral to the brain. Autonomic signals from brain to viscera
139
Motor neurons location
Ventral horn
140
Motor neurons function
Innervation viscera + skeletal muscles
141
Lamina I location
Very tip of dorsal horn
142
Lamina I function
Corresponds to the marginal zone (layer of waldeyer). Noxious/thermal stimuli
143
Lamina I tract pathway
Larger neurons contribute to contralateral spinothalamic tract
144
Lamina II location
Dorsal horn, reticular formation medulla
145
Lamina II function
Sensation of noxious + non-noxious stimuli + pain interpretation
146
Lamina VII location
Ventral + intermediate zone
147
Lamina VII function
Gives rise to cells involved in autonomic system. Relays motor info to viscera. Receives input from lamina II + VI + viscera
148
Lamina VII primary tract
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract ipsilaterally
149
Lamina VIII location
Medial aspect of ventral horn
150
Lamina VIII function
Modulate motor + skeletal muscle
151
Lamina VIII primary tract
Vestibulospinal + reticulospinal tracts
152
Lamina IX location
Very tip of the ventral horn
153
Lamina IX function
Innervates skeletal muscles
154
Where does dorsal column medial lemniscus tract start?
Dorsal column of spine
155
Where does the dorsal column medial lemniscus end?
VPL thalamus + somatosensory cortex
156
Does the dorsal column medial lemniscus decussate? If so, where?
Yes; medulla
157
How many neurons are in the dorsal column medial lemniscus?
3
158
Dorsal column medial lemniscus function
Vibration, fine touch, conscious proprioception
159
Where does lateral spinothalamic tract start
Dorsal root ganglion (drg)
160
Where does lateral spinothalamic tract end?
VPL of thalamus + somatosensory cortex
161
Does lateral spinothalamic tract decussate? If so, where?
Yes; spinal level of entrance
162
How many neurons are in lateral spinothalamic tract?
3
163
Lateral spinothalamic function
Sharp pain + temperature
164
Where does ventral spinothalamic tract start?
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
165
Where does ventral spinothalamic tract end?
VPL of thalamus + somatosensory cortex
166
Does ventral spinothalamic tract decussate? If so, where?
Yes, spinal level of entrance
167
How many neurons does ventral spinothalamic tract have?
3
168
Ventral spinothalamic function
Light touch + pressure
169
Where does spinoreticular tract start?
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
170
Where does 85% of spinoreticular tract end?
Medullary reticular formation
171
Where does 15% of spinoreticular tract end?
Interlaminar thalamic nuclei
172
does spinoreticular tract decussate? If so, where?
Yes, spinal level of entrance
173
How many neurons does the spinoreticular tract have?
3
174
Spinoreticular tract function
Level of consciousness/alertness in response to pain + chronic/deep pain
175
Where does the spinotectal tract start?
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
176
Where does spinotectal tract end?
Periaquaductal gray matter + superior colliculi
177
Does spinotectal tract decussate? If so, where?
Yes, spinal level at entrance
178
How many neurons does spinotectal tract have?
3
179
Spinotectal tract function
Enables us to orient eyes + head. Plays a role in pain modulation
180
what is another name for the spinotectal tract?
spinomesencephalic tract
181
Where does dorsal spinocerebellar tract start?
Clarke nucleus
182
Where does dorsal spinocerebellar tract end?
Cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncles
183
Does dorsal spinocerebellar tract decussate? If so, where?
No
184
How many neurons does dorsal spinocerebellar tract have?
2
185
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract function
Unconscious proprioception of trunk/lower limbs
186
Where does ventral spinocerebellar tract start?
Dorsal horn
187
Where does ventral spinocerebellar tract end?
Cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncles
188
Does ventral spinocerebellar tract decussate? If so, where?
Yes, twice. Once in ventral column + once in cerebellum
189
How many neurons does ventral spinocerebellar tract have?
2
190
Ventral spinocerebellar tract function
Unconsciousness proprioception of lower limbs
191
Where does the cuneo-cerebellar tract start?
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
192
Where does the cuneo-cerebellar tract end?
Cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncles
193
Does the cuneo-cerebellar tract decussate? If so, where?
No
194
How many neurons are in cuneo-cerebellar tract?
2
195
cuneo-cerebellar tract function
Unconscious proprioception from upper limbs
196
cuneo-cerebellar tract function
Unconscious proprioception from upper limbs
197
Where does the rostral spinocerebellar tract start?
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
198
Where does the rostral spinocerebellar tract end?
Cerebellum via inferior + superior cerebellar peduncles
199
Does the rostral spinocerebellar tract decussate? If so, where?
No
200
How many neurons are in rostral spinocerebellar tract?
2
201
rostral spinocerebellar tract function
Conveys muscle tension from upper limbs
202
Where does the spino-olivary tract start?
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
203
Where does the spino-olivary tract end?
Cerebellum directly via inferior cerebellar peduncles
204
Does the spino-olivary tract decussate?
Yes
205
How many neurons are in the spine-olivary tract?
3
206
spino-olivary tract function
Unconscious proprioception + cutaneous impulses
207
Where does the lateral corticospinal tract start?
Pyramidal motor neurons in primary motor cortex
208
Where does the lateral corticospinal tract end?
Distal limb musculature
209
Does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate? If so, where?
Yes, distal pyramids of the medulla
210
How many neurons does the lateral corticospinal tract have?
2
211
lateral corticospinal tract function
Voluntary muscle contraction of distal limb musculature
212
Where does the ventral corticospinal tract start?
Pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex
213
Where does the ventral corticospinal tract end?
Axial musculature
214
Does the ventral corticospinal tract decussate? If so, where?
No
215
How many neurons does the ventral corticospinal tract have?
2
216
ventral corticospinal tract function
Voluntary muscle contraction of axial musculature
217
Where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract start?
Lateral portion of the vestibular nuclei in brainstem deiter’s nucleus
218
Where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract end?
Anti-gravity muscles
219
does the lateral vestibulospinal tract decussate? If so, where?
No
220
How many neurons does the lateral vestibulospinal tract have?
2
221
lateral vestibulospinal tract functions
Maintains balance + upright posture by compensating for unknown movements made by the body. Aka anti-gravity muscles
222
Where does the medial vestibulospinal tract start?
Medial portion of the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem
223
Where does the medial vestibulospinal tract end?
Head + neck muscles
224
does the medial vestibulospinal tract decussate? If so, where?
No
225
How many neurons does the medial vestibulospinal tract have?
2
226
medial vestibulospinal tract function
Stabilizes head position in relation to eye movements w/vestibular stimuli. Communication w/CNs for eye movements (LR6SO4/3)
227
Where does the reticulospinal tract start?
Reticular formation in the pons
228
Where does the reticulospinal tract end?
Interneurons that project to both sides of the spinal cord
229
does the reticulospinal tract decussate? If so, where?
May or may not decussate
230
How many neurons does the reticulospinal tract have?
2
231
reticulospinal tract function
Locomotion + postural control by influences of alpha + gamma motor neurons through interneurons
232
Where does the tectospinal tract start?
Nucleus in superior colliculus
233
Where does the tectospinal tract end?
Motor neurons in cervical cord
234
does the tectospinal tract decussate? If so, where?
Yes, IMMEDIATELY
235
How many motor neurons does the tectospinal tract have?
2
236
tectospinal tract function
Mediates head + neck movement in response to environment stimuli
237
Where does the rubrospinal tract start?
Red nucleus in tegmentum of midbrain
238
Where does the rubrospinal tract end?
Motor neuron in anterior horn
239
does the rubrospinal tract decussate? If so, where?
Yes
240
How many neurons does the rubrospinal tract have?
2
241
rubrospinal tract function
Assists in fine motor control (mostly flexors of the upper limb)
242
is the DCML tract ascending or descending?
ascending
243
is the lateral spinothalamic tract ascending or descending?
ascending
244
is the ventral spinothalamic tract ascending or descending?
ascending
245
is the spinoreticular tract ascending or descending?
ascending
246
is the spinomesencephalic tract ascending or descending?
ascending
247
is the dorsal spinocerebellar tract ascending or descending?
ascending
248
is the ventral spinocerebellar tract ascending or descending?
ascending
249
is the cuneo-cerebellar tract ascending or descending?
ascending
250
is the rostral spinocerebellar tract ascending or descending?
ascending
251
is the spino-olivary tract ascending or descending?
ascending
252
is the lateral corticospinal tract ascending or descending?
descending
253
is the ventral corticospinal tract ascending or descending?
descending
254
is the lateral vestibulospinal tract ascending or descending?
descending
255
is the medial vestibulospinal tract ascending or descending?
descending
256
is the reticulospinal tract ascending or descending?
descending
257
is the tectospinal tract ascending or descending?
descending
258
is the rubrospinal tract ascending or descending?
descending
259
Which spinal levels are associated with sympathetic function and lateral horns?
T1-L2
260
what is the function of the dorsal horn?
a. somatosensory info
b. autonomic info of abdominal + pelvic viscera
c. motor neurons
somatosensory info
261
what is the function of the lateral horn?
a. somatosensory info
b. autonomic info of abdominal + pelvic viscera
c. motor neurons
autonomic info of abdominal + pelvic viscera
262
what is the function of the ventral horn?
a. somatosensory info
b. autonomic info of abdominal + pelvic viscera
c. motor neurons
motor neurons
