EXAM 1

Question 1

a judgement strategy where one adjusts their answer based on a starting value

Answer 1

anchoring/adjustment

Question 2

the tendency for people to be overly optimistic about how soon they will complete a project, even when they have failed to get similar projects done on time in the past

Answer 2

planning fallacy

Question 3

mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been

Answer 3

counterfactual thinking

Question 4

thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful

Answer 4

controlled thinking

Question 5

type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particular the ways in which objects relate to each other

Answer 5

holistic thinking style

Question 6

type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context

Answer 6

analytic thinking style

Question 7

information about the relative frequency of members of different categories in the population

Answer 7

base rate information

Question 8

mental shortcut we use to classify something according to how similar is is to a typical case

Answer 8

representativeness heuristic

Question 9

basing a judgment on the ease with which you can bring something to mind

Answer 9

availability heuristic

Question 10

a mental “shortcut” that allows judgments to be made quickly

Answer 10

heuristics

Question 11

people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people’s original expectations, making the expectations come true

Answer 11

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 12

process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept

Answer 12

priming

Question 13

the extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of the mind and are therefore likely to be used when making judgments about the social world

Answer 13

accessibility

Question 14

mental structures that organize our knowledge about the social world

Answer 14

schemas

Question 15

thought that is non conscious, unintentional, involuntary and effortless

Answer 15

automatic thinking

Question 16

a way to try and establish cause

Answer 16

true experiments

Question 17

a variable that accounts for the correlation between variables of interest

Answer 17

extraneous third variables

Question 18

a group made up of at least one scientist, one nonscientist, and one member not affiliated with the institution that reviews all psychological research at that institution and decides whether it meets ethical guidelines

Answer 18

institutional review board

Question 19

the process of explaining to the participants, at the end of the experiment, the true purpose of the study and exactly what transpired

Answer 19

debriefing

Question 20

misleading participants about the true purpose of a study of the events that transpire

Answer 20

deception

Question 21

agreement to participate in an experiment, granted in full awareness of the nature of the experiment, which has been explained in advanced

Answer 21

informed consent

Question 22

research conducted with members of different cultures, to see whether the psychological processes of interest are present in both cultures or whether they are specific to the culture in which people were raised

Answer 22

cross-cultural research

Question 23

studies designed to solve a particular social problem

Answer 23

applied research

Question 24

studies that are designed to find the best answer to the question of why people behave as they do and that are conducted purely for reasons of intellectual curiosity

Answer 24

basic research

Question 25

average the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable

Answer 25

meta-analysis

Question 26

repeating a study (different setting and population)

Answer 26

replications

Question 27

trade off between internal/external validity

Answer 27

basic dilemma

Question 28

experiments conducted in natural settings rather than a lab

Answer 28

field experiments

Question 29

disguised version of the study's true purpose

Answer 29

cover story

Question 30

the extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday life

Answer 30

psychological realism

Question 31

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and other people

Answer 31

external validity

Question 32

making sure the independent variable is the only thing influencing the dependent variable

Answer 32

internal validity

Question 33

a number that tells researchers how likely it is that the results of their experiment occurred by chance and not because of the independent variable

Answer 33

probability level (p-value)

Question 34

all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment

Answer 34

random assignment to condition

Question 35

the variable a researcher measures to see if it is influenced by the independent variable (variable you measure)

Answer 35

dependent variable

Question 36

the variable a researcher changes or varies to see if it has an effect on some other variable (variable you manipulate)

Answer 36

independent variable

Question 37

researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independent variable

Answer 37

experimental method

Question 38

way of ensuring that the sample of people is representative of a population at large

Answer 38

random selection

Question 39

research in which a representative sample of people are asked questions about their attitudes or behaviors

Answer 39

surveys

Question 40

statistic that asses how well you can predict one variable from other (-1 to +1)

Answer 40

correlation coefficient

Question 41

two or more variables are systematically measured and the relationship between them

Answer 41

correlational method

Question 42

examine accumulated documents, archives, or a culture

Answer 42

archival analysis

Question 43

method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside, without imposing any preconceived notions they might have

Answer 43

ethnography

Question 44

technique whereby a researcher observes people and records measurements or impressions of their behavior

Answer 44

observational method

Question 45

theory is developed, scientific hypotheses derived from theory are tested, based on the results, the theory is revised and new hypotheses are formed

Answer 45

theory refinement process

Question 46

specific predictions about when and how people would change their attitudes

Answer 46

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 47

where after people know something occurred, they exaggerate how much they could have predicted it

Answer 47

hindsight bias

Question 48

searching for/processing information in ways consistent with pre-existing beliefs

Answer 48

confirmation bias

Question 49

the belief that one's construals reflect objective reality

Answer 49

naive realism

Question 50

the subjective experience of a phenomenon is more psychologically important than the objective reality of the phenomenon

Answer 50

gestalt roots

Question 51

one's interpretation, perception, or comprehension of the social situation

Answer 51

construal

Question 52

scientific study of how thoughts, behaviors, and emotions are influenced by the presence of other people, real or imagined

Answer 52

social psychology

Question 53

behavior is a function of a person and their environment

Answer 53

B = f(P,E)