EXAM 2

Question 1

seeming importance of information that is the focus of people’s attention

Answer 1

perceptual salience

Question 1

explanations for one’s successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one’s failures that blame external, situational factors

Answer 1

self-serving attribution

Question 1

assumption that bad things happen to bad people, good things happen to good people

Answer 1

belief in a just world

Question 2

tendency to think that others are more susceptible to attributional biases than we are

Answer 2

bias blind spot

Question 3

if minimal data, tend to make internal attribution
if data, then it depends on the environment-behavior consistency

Answer 3

attributional patterns

Question 4

does the person usually behave like this in this situation

Answer 4

consistency

Question 5

do other people behave that way in that situation

Answer 5

consensus

Question 6

does the person’s behavior occur only in this situation

Answer 6

distinctiveness

Question 7

1. characterization: we make internal attribution (automatic)
2. correction: we consider situational factors (controlled)

Answer 7

two step attribution process

Question 8

overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes

Answer 8

self concept

Question 9

way of defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people and recognizing that one’s behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others

Answer 9

independent view of the self

Question 10

self knowledge, self control, impression management, self esteem

Answer 10

self serves 4 functions

Question 11

looking inward to examine the “inside info” that we (only) have about our thoughts, feelings, motives

Answer 11

introspection

Question 12

when we are focused on ourselves, we evaluate and compare our current behavior to our internal standards and values

Answer 12

self-awareness theory

Question 13

theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviors (usually through culture)

Answer 13

causal theories

Question 14

when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

Answer 14

self-perception theory

Question 15

must first experience physiological arousal, then we must seek an appropriate explanation or label for it

Answer 15

two factor theory of emotion

Question 16

people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do

Answer 16

misattribution of arousal

Question 17

desire to engage in an activity because they enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressure

Answer 17

intrinsic motivation

Question 18

when people’s desires to engage in an activity is because of external rewards or presures, not because they enjoy the task

Answer 18

extrinsic motivation

Question 19

when people view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, such as reward, making them underestimate the extent to which their behavior was caused by intrinsic reasons

Answer 19

overjustification effect

Question 20

people are rewarded for simply doing a task, regardless of the quality of their performance

Answer 20

task-contingent rewards

Question 21

the reward depends on how well people perform the task

Answer 21

performance-contingent reward

Question 22

the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change

Answer 22

fixed mindset

Question 23

the belief that achivement is the result of hard work, trying new strategieis, seeking input from others

Answer 23

growth mindset

Question 24

people lern about their own abilities and attitudes by comparing themselves to others (upward or downward)

Answer 24

social comparison theory

Question 25

ability to subdue immediate desires to achieve long term goals

Answer 25

self-control

Question 26

people's specific about where, when, and how they will fulfill a goal and avoid temptations

Answer 26

implementation intentions

Question 27

the attempt by people to get others to see them the way they want to be seen

Answer 27

impression management

Question 28

using flattery or praise to make yourself likable to another, often a person of higher status

Answer 28

ingratiation

Question 29

strategy where people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves

Answer 29

self-handicapping

Question 30

people act in ways that reduce the likelihood that they will succeed on a task so that if they fail, they can blame it on the obstacles they created rather than their lack of ability

Answer 30

behavioral self-handicapping

Question 31

people devise ready-made excuses in case they fail

Answer 31

reported self-handicapping

Question 32

evaluations of people, objects, or ideas

Answer 32

attitudes

Question 33

based on thoughts/beleifs about an attitude object

Answer 33

cognitively based attitude

Question 34

attitude based more on people's feelings/values

Answer 34

affectively based attitude

Question 35

stimulus that elicits an emotional response is accompanied by a neutral, nonemotional stimulus, and eventually the neutral stimulus elicits the emotional response by itself

Answer 35

classical conditions

Question 36

behaviors we freely choose to perform become more or less frequent, depending on whether they are followed by a reward or punishment

Answer 36

operational conditioning

Question 37

based on past behaviors or behavioral intentions

Answer 37

behaviorally based attitudes

Question 38

attitudes that we are aware of an can report

Answer 38

explicit attitudes

Question 39

attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious evaluations

Answer 39

implicit attitudes

Question 40

strength of the association between an object and an evaluation of it

Answer 40

attitude accessibility

Question 41

the idea that people's intentions are the best predictors of their deliberate behaviors, which are determined by their attitudes toward specific behaviors, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control

Answer 41

theory of planned behavior

Question 42

message advocating a particular side of an issue

Answer 42

persuasive communication

Question 43

the effectiveness of a persuasive communication depends on the aspects of the communicator, source of message, content of message, or aspects of audience

Answer 43

yale attitude change approach

Question 44

people have low motivation or ability swayed by surface characterisitcs (attractiveness)

Answer 44

peripheral route to persuasion

Question 45

two ways persuasive communications can cause attitude change

Answer 45

elaboration likelihood model

Question 46

people have the motivation and ability to pay attention to a message more logically compelling = more persuasive

Answer 46

central route to persuasion

Question 47

words or pictures that are not consciously perceived but may influence people's judgements, attitues, behaviors

Answer 47

subliminal messges

Question 48

one is subjected to weak persuasive attempts, which allows one to develop counters

Answer 48

attitude inoculation

Question 49

people don’t like feeling that their freedom to do or think whatever they want is being threatened

Answer 49

reactance

Question 50

how people explain the causes of behavior

Answer 50

attribution theory

Question 51

to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we note the pattern between when the behavior occurs and the prescence or absence of possible causal factors

Answer 51

covariation model