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2016FA POSITIONING (D. Demichele) > EXAM #1+2 (Ch. 1 + 2)* > Flashcards

EXAM #1+2 (Ch. 1 + 2)* Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

define: ethics

A

moral responsibility and the science of appropriate conduct towards others

ASRT

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2
Q

define: image receptors

A

device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam and forms the image of the body part

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3
Q

what are [4] types of image receptors?

A
  • cassette with film
  • PSPIP (photostimulable storage phosphor image plate)
  • solid-state digital detectors (portable)
  • fluoroscopic image receptor
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4
Q

screen-film radiography:

what [3] things control optical density

A
  • mA
  • exposure time (seconds)
  • miliampere-seconds (mAs)
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5
Q

[*] define: contrast/contrast resolution

what controls it in digital radiology?

what controls it in screen-film radiography?

A

differences in adjacent densities (low/high)

digital: bit depth

screen-film: kVp

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6
Q

[*] define: spatial resolution / recorded detail

what [8] things control it?

A

ability to visualize small structures

  • IP phosphor (digital)
  • DEL size (digital)
  • geometry
  • distance
  • motion
  • focal spot size
  • intensifying screen
  • film
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7
Q

define: distortion

what [5] things control it?

A

misrepresentation of the size/shape of a structure

  • alignment
  • central ray
  • anatomic part
  • image receptor
  • angulation
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8
Q

true or false?

magnification is size distortion

A

true, magnification is (size) distortion

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9
Q

true or false?

all images are affected by distortion

A

true, all images are affected by distortion

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10
Q

what controls size distortion magnifcation

A

OID (object-source receptor distance)

SID (source-image receptor distance)

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11
Q

true or false?

radiographs are usually viewed in anatomic position

A

true

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12
Q

[*] what are [4] exceptions when radiographs are NOT viewed in the anatomic position?

how are they viewed?

A

extremities

  • hands
  • wrists
  • feet
  • toes

viewed from perspective of the tube with distal ends toward ceiling

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13
Q

what is an RT responsible for during basic patient care

A

verify correct procedure is ordered

observe conditions or abnormalities to relay to radiologist

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14
Q

what is a radiography responsible for during care of examination room

what [3] things are to be stocked?

A

keeping room clean (IRs + equipment) to minimize transmission or infection and provide patient confidence

stock:
• linens
• contrast
• ancillary equipment

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15
Q

what is the most effective and efficient method to control spread of microorganisms?

A

handwashing

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16
Q

when should appropriate and required protection be used?

A

when there is a possibility of coming into contact with infectious organisms

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17
Q

what should IRs be protected from?

A

body fluids

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18
Q

imaging of motion ____ image quality

A

imaging of motion ruins image quality

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19
Q

what are [3] types of motion?

A
  • voluntary
  • involuntary
  • equipment
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20
Q

[*] what are [6] things that cause involuntary motion?

what is the primary control of involuntary motion?

A
  • heartbeat
  • chills
  • peristalsis
  • tremor
  • spasm
  • pain

primary control: use short exposure times

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21
Q

[*] what are [7] things that cause voluntary motion?

what are [5] things that control imaging of voluntary motion?

A 
causes:
• nervousness
• discomfort
• excitability
• mental illness
• fear
• age
• breathing

controls:
• clear instructions
• patient comfort
• adjusting supporting devices
• apply immobilization
• decreasing exposure time
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22
Q

what are [4] things that are required ID items to be printed on radiographs?

A
  • date
  • name/number
  • right or left marker
  • institution
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23
Q

when are side markers put on?

A

during the procedure

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24
Q

what are [3] general IR positions?

which is most often used?

A
  • longitudinal
  • horizontal
  • corner-to-corner

most often used: longitudinal

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25
CR is always centered to ____. unless...?
CR is always centered to IR unless: IR displacement is being used
26
the CR should be angled through the part of interest to [4] things
* avoid superimposition of structures * straighten out a curved structure * align the CR through an angled * avoid distortion of an angled structure
27
# define: source-image receptor distance abbreviation? affects [3] things
distance from the anode in x-ray tube (source) to the IR SID * magnification * spatial resolution * patient dose
28
[*] longer SID ____ magnification and ____ spatial resolution A. increases, increases B. reduces, reduces C. increases, reduces D. reduces, increases
D. reduces, increases
29
true or false? SID is standardized for examinations and must be indicated on technique charts
true
30
when are the following SID used? 40 inches? 48 inches? 72 inches?
40 inches: traditionally used on most examinations 48 inches: recent increase in many facilities 72 inches: used on examinations with increased OID to reduce magnification
31
# define: collimation [2] purposes of collimation?
restriction of x-ray beam to only the anatomy of interest 1. ) minimizes patient exposure 2. ) reduces scatter radiation
32
true or false? the gonads may be irradiated for some examinations
true shielding should be used when practical
33
what are the [3] shielding guidelines, when should gonads be shielded?
gonads lie within or close to x-ray field clinical objective is not compromised patient has reasonable reproductive potential
34
what does DR stand for?
digital radiography
35
attention to ____ is key to quality imaging
attention to quality is key to digital imaging
36
true or false? optimum kVp is essential to image quality in digital imaging
false slightly higher kVp yields better image than slightly lower kVp postprocessing can be used to correct
37
true or false? IP phosphors are hypersensitive, so when split cassette technique is used, the unexposed side must be protected
true
38
true or false? overexposure or underexposure is determined by displayed image
false exposure numbers are used when determining whether the image is properly exposed
39
true or false? IP phosphors are more sensitive to scatter radiation
true some examinations may require a grid to reduce scatter
40
____ should be in every room and on mobile machines
technique charts
41
what are [2] purposes for technique charts?
* specifies projections performed in room | * includes exposure factors for each projection
42
[*] what [6] pathologic conditions require a DECREASE in technique?
* old age * atrophy * degenerative arthritis * emaciation * emphysema * pneumothorax
43
[*] what [6] pathologic conditions require an INCREASE in technique?
* pneumonia * pleural effusion * hydrocephalus * enlarged heart * edema * ascites
44
research shows that obesity has ____ in the last ____ years
research shows that obesity has doubled in the last 15 years
45
define: obesity
increase in body weight by an excessive accumulation of fat 40+ BMI is morbidly obese
46
[2] empathic communication keys
* avoid mentioning weight | * explain what is required to safely move and/or transfer the patient
47
true or false? prod patients if they're obese to find palpable landmarks
false never prod obese patients unnecessarily
48
define: compensating filters
assist in achieving even density on anatomic structures that vary in tissue thickness
49
what would happen without compensating filters?
images of anatomy with varying tissue thickness would require two exposures to see the same thing in an x-ray image
50
when is a wedge filter used?
where tissue density varies gradually from one end to the other (AP of thoracic spine)
51
when is a trough filter with a double-wedge used?
for areas of the body where the density in the center is greater than the edges (PA of chest)
52
when is a boomerang filter used?
conforms to shoulder to improve density
53
when is a ferlic filter used?
AP and PA oblique projections of shoulder
54
when is a ferlic collimator-mounted filter used?
lateral projections of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer's) and axiolateral projections of hip
55
what are [3] physical properties of filters
* shape * composition * placement
56
what is the most commonly used filter?
wedge filter
57
what [2] materials are most commonly found in filters?
aluminum and high-density plastics
58
what is the benefit of using high-density plastic filters over aluminum filters?
aluminum filters block light field and positioning must be complete before mounting filter to collimator
59
what is the boomerang filter made out of?
silicone rubber
60
what are the [2] placements of filters?
* contact (on patient or between patient and IR) | * collimator-mounted
61
ferlic swimmer's filter improves the quality of...?
lateral projection of cervicothoracic spine
62
use of scoliosis filters in AP and lateral projections
AP – wedge over cervical and thoracic regions lateral – two double-wedge
63
what kind of filters are used for digital fluoroscopy
convex and concave cone-shaped filters | compensate for round image intensifier
64
what kind of filters are used for computed tomography?
bow-tie shaped filters compensate for rounded shape of head
65
why are two hands needed when attaching collimator-filters?
one below to catch the filter if it does not attach properly so it doesn't land on the patient
66
[*] what are CR phosphors sensitive to?
scatter radiation
67
[*] define: IR
image receptor - receives energy of x-ray and forms image
68
[*] what needs to be on every image?
side markers
69
[*] what group tells us about blood and body fluid recommendations
CDC
70
[*] what needs to be cleaned after every patient
the tabletop
71
[*] define: OID
object-to-image receptor distance | how far body is to IR
72
[*] define: SID
source-to-image receptor distance | hor far x-ray tube is to IR
73
magnification increases with increased ____ and decreased ____
magnification increases with increased OID and decreased SID
74
[*] males/females – what exams give highest dose (one Q each)
males: pelvis (3mGy) females: lumbar spine (4mGy)
75
[*] sanitation—the laws of ____ and ____ must be followed
the laws of asepsis and prophylaxis must be followed

2016FA POSITIONING (D. Demichele) (12 decks)

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