Radiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

a visible photograph record on film produced due to the passage of x-rays through a body

A

radiograph

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2
Q

purpose of a radiograph

A

to study inner structures as an aid to diagnose

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3
Q

Discoverer of x-rays

A

William Conrad Roentgen

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4
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

method of transporting energy through space

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5
Q

2 behaviors of a wave

A

as a wave, as a particle

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6
Q

x-rays are formed by

A

electrons colliding with matter at a target area

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7
Q

X-ray absorption is dependent on 3 things

A

atomic number, physical density, energy of x-ray

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8
Q

before you can see image on film, it is called a

A

latent image

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9
Q

SUbject density from least

A

air, fat, tissue like water, bone, metal/enamel

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10
Q

radiation can do 4 things to cells

A

no effect, repairable damage, unrepairable damage, kill cell

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11
Q

6 areas of the body that are sensitive to radiation

A

skin, intestines, gonads, thyroid,lens, blood forming organs

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12
Q

prolong exposure to x-rays may cause(5)

A

cancer, cataracts, infertility, squamous cell carcinoma, aplastic anemia

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13
Q

Amount of energy transmitting ionizing energy to matter

A

absorbed dose

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14
Q

amount of radiation equal to absorbed dose in the tissue

A

dose equivalent

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15
Q

unit of absorbed dose

A

Gy(gray)

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16
Q

unit of dose equivalent

A

Sv(sievet)

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17
Q

In the primary beam, gloves…

A

Don’t protect

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18
Q

Thorax Limits

A

Cr:thoracic inlet, Ca:diaphragm, D:Thoracic vertebrae, V: Sternum

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19
Q

Thorax Landmarks

A

Cr:manubrium, Ca:Xiphiod Process, D:Spinous process, V:Sternum

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20
Q

Abdomen Limits

A

Cr:Diaphragm, Ca:Pelvic Inlet, D:Lumbar Vertebrae, V:Linea Alba

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21
Q

Abdomen Landmarks

A

Cr: Xiphiod process 2-3 inches above, Ca: iliac crest, D:lumbar spinous, V:bell wall

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22
Q

Whole body limits

A

Cr: Thoracic inlet, Ca: Pelvic inlet, D:T+L spine, V: Sternum, Belly wall, Linea alba

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23
Q

Whole body landmarks

A

Cr: manubrium, Ca: iliac crest, D: spinous process V: sternum, belly wall

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24
Q

Pelvis Limits

A

Cr: pelvic inlet, Ca: Tuber ischii

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25
Pelvis Landmarks
Cr: Ischiac crest, Ca: Tuber ischii
26
Cervical Spine Landmarks
Cr: wings of atlas Ca: dorsal tip of scapula
27
Thoracic spine landmarks
Cr: 1st rib spinous process, Ca: last rib spinous process
28
Lumbar spine landmarks
Cr:last rib, Ca: iliac crest
29
T/L junction limits
Cr: T1, Ca: L2
30
T/L Junction landmarks
Cr:9th rib, Ca: iliac crest
31
joint limits
1/4 to 1/3 of bone above and below joint
32
Bone limits
the joint above and below the joint
33
abbreviations for positioning are approved by
American Committee of Veterinary Radiologists
34
directional terms used fir a body cavity
lateral, D/V, V/D
35
Directional terms used to describe extremities(6)
Cr/cd, A/P, lateral, oblique, Flexion, extension
36
universal rules of positioning animals
take 2 views, place on affected side, limb that is down should be placed cranially, opposite limb pulled back
37
When radiographs of extremities hung,
proximal aspect of leg on top, except, cr/cd shoulder
38
when radiographs of later body cavities hung,
head to left, dorsal on top
39
when hanging radiographs ofV/d and d/v body cavities
cranial aspect to the top of the light box, left side of pt on the right
40
type of x-ray machines (4)
conventional, mounted, mobile, small portable
41
5 elements needed for x-ray production
source of elections, way to accelerate electrons, free path for elections, target for electrons to interact with, containment area with vacuum
42
cathode provides
electrons
43
the cathode contains a filament that
excites electrons
44
the cathode filament is made of
tungsten
45
the cathode filament is located in
a focusing cup
46
when the cathode filament is heated
a cloud of electrons is formed
47
what part of the x-ray machine is bombarded with electrons
the anode
48
what is the target of the anode made of
tungsten
49
when electrons hit the anode, produces
x-rays and heat
50
% of electrons produced when clashes into target
1% electrons, 99% heat
51
two different types of anodes
stationary, rotating
52
stationary anodes are found
in dental and small portable radiographs
53
statinary anodes have ___ capacity for x-ray production
small
54
stationary anodes are unable to
withstand large amounts of heat
55
in stationary anodes, the more the target is bombarded with electrons..
the more it is damaged
56
biggest disadvantage of stationary electrons
limits of 100mA
57
rotating disc anode made of
tungsten
58
rotating anodes provide
cooler surface for electrons to stream
59
rotating anodes rotate at
3350 times per minute per exposure
60
rotating anode capabilities
up to 1600mA
61
focal spot is
a small area on the target where electrons collide with the anode
62
target is angled at 20* from vertical
intensity of the x-ray beam can be changed by altering the target angel
63
What is the anode heel effect
if anode target angel decreased, intensity of anode side of the x-ray beam is also decreased because more anodes are leaving the cathode side
64
thicker part of the body should be placed
under the cathode side
65
penumbra effect occurs when
the focal spot is too big
66
a smaller focal spot produces
a sharper image
67
penumbra effect looks like
halo image on radiograph
68
aluminum filter does what
filters out soft(weak) x-rays
69
possible areas of tube failure(6)
cathode failure, rotor, anode failure, anode target failure, glass envelope, tube housing anomalies
70
the chance of the cathode filament evaporating is increased with
higher temperature, longer length of time in use
71
if cathode filament fails,
no electrons produced
72
rotor standby current does what to the filament
prolongs its life
73
if machine is left on for long periods of time
can burn out filament
74
the rotor does what
pre-heats filament and rotates disc
75
what problems can the rotor have?
the bearings can wear out
76
if target is damaged
x-ray beam not being uniform, exposures on film density will vary
77
what can be done to prevent anode target failure
higher kVP and lower mA
78
2 things can happen to the glass envelope
metal deposits and electrons in tube
79
metal deposites in glass envelope does what
arcs the ray
80
metal deposits in the glass envelope are caused by
overheating the target
81
tube housing anomalies includes 2 things
glass envelope shifts and oil leaks
82
oil leaks can cause
overheating of bearings
83
2 circuits in an x-ray machine
low voltage and high voltage
84
low voltage circuit does what
heat up the filament
85
the hotter the filament the___ electrons
more electrons
86
low voltage measured in
milliamperage (mA)
87
mA is
the energy used to heat up the filament
88
mA is directly involved with
time, mAs
89
high voltage circuit does what
speed up electrons
90
high voltage circuit is measured in
kilovoltage peak, kvp
91
kvp is the
driving force (penetrating power) behind electrons
92
purpose of the technique chart
the provide consistent setting to provide proper exposures
93
always measure
the thickest part of the body being radiographed
94
for elbow radiograph measure
over humerus
95
for radius/ulna radiograph measure
over elbow
96
for stifle radiograph measure
distal to stifle
97
for tib/fib radiograph measure
stifle
98
for thoracic/abdomen body cavities measure
13th rib
99
if a body part measures more than 10 cm, film goes
into bucky tray
100
putting film into bucky tray does what
decreases amount of scatter radiation
101
focal film distance is
40 inches
102
trial setting for technique chart for abdomen of 8-10inches
65kvp, 2.5 mAs
103
suggest kVp ranges for extremities
55-65
104
suggest kVp ranges for abodmen
65-85kVp
105
suggest kVp ranges for thorax
75-95
106
suggest kVp ranges
55-75
107
factors to take into account when making technique chart (3)
tissue thickness, grid factor, screen type
108
group of rays that make up the beam
primary beam
109
the most central ray
central ray
110
the rays on either side of the central ray that make up the 1* beam
primary rays
111
rays that don't contain enough energy to pass into the object
secondary rays
112
beam limiting devices are
cones, collimator
113
tube underneath filter to limit te size of the x-ray beam
cone
114
lead shutter to decrease the size of the beam
collimator
115
advantages of limiting the beam(2)
decrease radiation, smaller the side of the beam, better detail
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