exam 1 Flashcards
(178 cards)
scientific method
- observation
- replication
- interpretation
- verification
what drives the scientific method?
hypothesis but discovery research also needed
egypt (5000 years ago)
- knew about the brain but it was not important
- heart was the key to the soul and where memories were stored
hippocrates
brain is the center of sensation and intelligence and epilepsy=brain damage
alcmaion of crotona
described the optic nerve in 500 BC
plato (387 BC)
believes brain is the center of mental processes
aristole (384-322 BC)
thought heart was the center of intelligence and the brain simply cooled the blood
galen (AD 130-200)
a doctor to gladiators that studied the structure of the brain
* had a similar view to hippocrates
what were galen’s beliefs?
- cerebrum felt soft, so sensations and memory formed here
- cerebellum felt hard, so it controlled muscles
- the brain received sensory info
- nerves were tubes
- humors (vital fluids) flowed to the brain ventricles
leonardo da vinci
produced wax cast of ventricles in 1504
andreas vesalius (1514-1264)
produced detailed drawings of the brain
decartes (1596-1650)
believed in fluid-mechanical theory but that humans abilities came from the “mind” which communicated to the brain via the pineal gland
history of neuroscience in the 17th and 18th century
- distinguished gray matter from white matter
- peripheral and central divisions
- every brain has the same pattern GYRI (bumps) and SUCLI & FISSURES (grooves)
grey matter
cell bodies of neurons
white matter
axons of neurons
19th century views of the brain
- brain generates electricity
- nerves are made of bundles of fibers
- each fiber transmission is one way
- sensory and motor nerves in same bundle
Galvani and du Bois-Reymond
showed that electricity can stimulate muscle movement
Bell and Magendie
nerves as bundles, motor and sensory nerves in same bundle
bell (1811)
proposed that motor fibers come from cerebellum and sensory fibers GO TO cerebellum
flourens (1823)
- used experimental ablation to show bell was correct
- though that all parts of the cerebrum contribute to all functions… WRONG
gall (1809)
- phrenology
- brain divided into 35 regions (language, color, hope) shown to be WRONG
broca
believed that different functions localized to different areas
fritsch and hitzig
used dogs and frogs in 1870 to show specific region of the brain controlled movement
ferrier
1881 showed the same thing as fritsch and hitzig with monkeys; removal caused paralysis