exam 2 questions

Question 1

which of the following describes immunocytochemistry?

Answer 1

the use of antibodies to visualize specific molecules within the brain cells

Question 2

why are G-proein gated ion channels called “the shortcut pathway”?

Answer 2

because they do not involve any other chemical intermediates

Question 3

which of the following mediate most of the synaptic inhibition in the CNS?

Answer 3

GABA and glycine

Question 4

T or F: dual transmitter neurons are a violation of Dale’s Principle

Answer 4

true

Question 5

T or F: vesicular and membrane transporters both use Na+ gradients to drive transport

Answer 5

false

Question 6

which of the following statements is FALSE?

• different G-proteins can have opposite effects
• activated G-proteins can sometimes stimulate multiple pathways
• G-proteins are attached to the inside of the neuronal membrane
• G-protein couple receptors can sometimes act as ion channels

Answer 6

G-protein couple receptors can sometimes act as ion channels

Question 7

which of the following is NOT used as a NT?

• purines
• nitric acid
• endocanabinoids
• all are used

Answer 7

all are used

Question 8

brain slices are bathed in a concentrated K+ solution to stimulate NT release. why must Ca2+ ions also be present in the bathing solution?

Answer 8

transmitter release requires the entry of Ca2+ into the axon terminal

Question 9

what is a good marker for GABAergic cells

Answer 9

GAD

Question 10

which of the following is FASLE:

• cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake
• glycine receptors are Cl channels
• epinephrine is degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO)
• all GABA receptors are G-protein coupled receptors

Answer 10

all GABA receptors are G-protein coupled receptors

Question 11

which of the following is true of transmitter or ligand gated channels?

• selective for only cations or anions
• have 7 transmembrane regions
• usually closed until ligand binds

Answer 11

two of the above

• selective for only cations or anions
• usually closed until ligand binds

Question 12

which of the following is FALSE?

Answer 12

G protein coupled receptors are excitatory

Question 13

which is correct regarding the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors?

Answer 13

ligand and voltage dependent

Question 14

which of the following is FALSE?

• norepinephrine is made in the synaptic vesicle
• dopamine , epinephrine, norepinephrine all can be degraded by MAO
• tyrosine hydroxylase is required for dopamine synthesis but not for epinephrine synthesis
• serotonin is made from amino acid tryptophan

Answer 14

tyrosine hydroxylase is required for dopamine synthesis but not for epinephrine synthesis

Question 15

which imaging technique measures functional changes in the brain?

Answer 15

positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 16

which membrane lies closest to the brain?

Answer 16

pia mater

Question 17

axons of the nervous system are described as afferent and efferent according to the direction in which they carry information. which of the following represents an efferent projection?

Answer 17

motor output of the spinal cord

Question 18

the peripheral nervous system is derived from which tissue?

Answer 18

neural crest

Question 19

which of the following is derived from telencephalon?

Answer 19

cerebral hemispheres

Question 20

which statement is NOT correct?

• diencephalon becomes thalamus and hypothalamus
• rostral hindbrain becomes cerebellum and medulla
• olfactory bulbs develop from cerebral hemispheres
• internal capsule links the cortex with the thalamus
• midbrain

Answer 20

rostral hindbrain becomes cerebellum and medulla

Question 21

a tract is defined as….

Answer 21

collection of CNS axons that have a common origin and common destination

Question 22

T or F: in both humans and rats, the diencephalon surrounds the third ventricle

Answer 22

true

Question 23

which plane of section would divide a brain into top and bottom (eyes and mouth in separate planes)?

Answer 23

horizontal

Question 24

which is false about CSF?

• produced by choroid plexus
• absorbed by arachnoid villi
• similar in composition to blood plasma
• all are true

Answer 24

all are true

Question 25

which of the following is incorrect? - cells form distinct layers in the cortex with the "oldest" cells being most interior - neural cells use other support cells to help migrate to their final destination - some neurogenesis continues even into adulthood - most CNS cells are already fully differentiated prior to migrating to the external forebrain

Answer 25

most CNS cells are already fully differentiated prior to migrating to the external forebrain

Question 26

autonomic function, temperature regulation

Answer 26

hypothalamus

Question 27

motor function

Answer 27

basal ganglia

Question 28

relay center

Answer 28

thalamus

Question 29

coordinate sensory, brain, and motor info

Answer 29

spinal interneurons

Question 30

such characters are common between taste and olfaction senses

Answer 30

both are chemical senses and are required for flavor detection

Question 31

T or F: experience can strongly modify sensation

Answer 31

true

Question 32

which is/are true of taste receptor cells?

Answer 32

they synapse with basal cells and gustatory afferent axons

Question 33

identify the difference between sweet receptors and bitter receptors.

Answer 33

bitter receptor has only T2R and sweet receptor has T1R@ and T1R3

Question 34

which of the following is FALSE? - olfactory info can be represented by population coding - olfactory system forms a spatial map odors even though not clear how this is used - odor quality may be temporal patterns of neuron firing - olfactory receptor cells are not true cells

Answer 34

olfactory receptor cells are not true cells

Question 35

T or F: there are specific areas of the tongue designated for all the receptors of a particular flavor.

Answer 35

false

Question 36

which tastes use amiloride sensitive Na+ channels?

Answer 36

salt

Question 37

T or F: G-protens are used in the section of sour, bitter, and umami

Answer 37

false

Question 38

T or F: all sweets are detected by only one sweet receptor

Answer 38

true

Question 39

which of the following regarding olfaction is false? - odorants bind to olfactory receptors on cilia - golf activation occurs after odorant binding to receptor - Ca enters cells - Cl enters cells

Answer 39

Cl enters cells

Question 40

odorants

Answer 40

increase cAMP

Question 41

T or F: pheromones are detected in animals by different receptors from odorants

Answer 41

true

Question 42

which of the following contributes to the pressure at the oval window being 20X greater than that at the tympanic membrane?

Answer 42

ossicles act like levers

Question 43

if the basilar membrane became more stiff, what would be the consequence?

Answer 43

change in ability to detect sound frequencies

Question 44

**how is sound intensity (loudness) determined?

Answer 44

two of the above

Question 45

what is the auditory attenuation reflex?

Answer 45

contraction of small muscles to make the chain of ossicles more rigid, diminishing sound conduction

Question 46

which localization process is used for sounds in the range 20-200Hz?

Answer 46

interaural time delay

Question 47

T or F: neurons in the inferior colliculus receive input from both ears

Answer 47

true

Question 48

without hair cells, we would

Answer 48

have difficulty detecting soft sounds

Question 49

which of the following is the function of vestibule-ocular reflex (VOR)?

Answer 49

fixes sight on target during body movement by adjusting head and eye positions

Question 50

which of the folllowing is NOT part of the vestibular system?

Answer 50

round window

Question 51

phase locking is used to represent low frequencies, and ____ is used for high frequencies.

Answer 51

tonotopy

Question 52

why does the composition of endolymph need to be different from that of perilymph in the cochlea?

Answer 52

higher K+ concentration needed to depolarize hair cells