Exam #1 Flashcards
1
Q
Describe an ecological pyramid and the significance of each level.
Ecological pyramid
A
- Tertiary consumers – top carnivores .1 % energy
- Secondary Consumers – Eats primary consumers 1% energy
- Primary Consumers – Eats producers 10% energy
- Producers – Photosynthesis 100% energy
2
Q
Why are top carnivores (top trophic level) relatively rare in number?
A
- As each member of the “fuel chain” does its part ehre is less energy available to do work within the living organisms, each chain only gets 10% energy from the previous chain, by the time it gets to top thropic level, only .1% energy is consumed.
3
Q
The ultimate source of energy in most ecosystems is the __________
A
- sun
4
Q
What is the capacity to do work, which can only change form
A
- energy
5
Q
All of the physical characteristics and living organisms which occur in a specific place is called?
A
- ecosystem
6
Q
The part of the earth (air, land and water) consisting of living organisms?
A
- environment
7
Q
The organisms which eat the photosynthetic organisms are called?
A
- consumers
8
Q
The herbivores form what part of a food chain?
A
- Primary Consumers
9
Q
What role do carnivores play in food chains?
A
- Consumers use the energy and nutrients stored in the tissues of their food
10
Q
How does energy and nutrients move through ecosystems?
A
- Energy flows through an organism as it ingests food, and then digests the food to release energy to do work
- As organism release energy to do work, most of the energy is lost in the form of heat, because the energy conversion process is not very efficient
- 2 laws of thermodynamics
11
Q
How much energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level?
A
- 10%
12
Q
What role do decomposers play in ecosystems?
A
- The decay and breakdown of previously living organisms releases nutrients back into the soil (or water) where the plants (or other producers) may use them
13
Q
Describe the three Domains of living organisms
A
- Archaea o Bacteria like single cells - Eubacteria o Simple cells; single cells o prokaryotes - Eucarya o Eukaryotes o Fungus, protists, animals, plants o Single and multi cellular cells
14
Q
- Bacteria
A
o Single cells o Prokaryotic o Live everywhere, in everything o Diverse ways of living o Necessary for all other things to live
15
Q
- Archaea
A
o Bacteria like single cells
16
Q
- Protists
A
o Single and multi cells
o Eukaryotes
o Highy diverse (many different kinds)
o Precursor to other eukaryotes
17
Q
- Fungi
A
o Single and Multi-cells o Parasites: cause disease o Prokaryotes o Absorb nutrients from environment o Food for many animals o Necessary recyclers o Saprobes eats detritus – Detritivores o Mushroom, earthworm
18
Q
- Plants
A
o Autotrophs – photosynthetic o Eukaryotes o Multi-cellular o Green o Not all produce flowers; most live on land
19
Q
- Animals
A
o Multi-cellular
o Consumers – Heterotrophs
o Eukaryotes
o Diverse forms, life styles, habitats
20
Q
Describe the use of scientific names : Genus, species
A
- Latinized names used by all scientists of all language
- Genus – capitalize always, species not
- Groups of living things that have common characteristics are grouped and named together
21
Q
Describe the basic components of matter
A
- Element
o The basic building block of matter
22
Q
Describe the basic structure of the atom
A
- Made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Proton and neutrons makes up the mass of an atom and is within a nucleus covered by orbital shells
- Electrons or orbital shells surrounds nucleus
- Electrons = protons
- Atomic weight (top left) = neutrons + protons
- Atomic number = protons
- Protons + charge
- Neutrons No charge
- Electrons – charge
23
Q
Describe the difference between atoms, molecules, compounds and elements
A
- Atoms are building blocks or elements
- Element is a single kind of atom
- Molecules are atoms bound to each other
o Still an element if both atoms are the same
o Compound elements consists of different kind of atoms
24
Q
The structure and parts of the Bohr model of the atom
A
- Proton + Neutron inside a nucleus surrounded by electrons/orbital shells
- 2 protons first outer ring, 8 next outer rin
25
Describe the five characteristics shared by all living things ?
```
Organized
Metabolize
Homeostasis
Grow and reproduce
Pass o inheritable traits
Composed of cells
```
26
Atom
– basic building block of matter
| - the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element
27
electron
– Negative charge subatomic particle
28
proton
- Positive charge subatomic particle
29
neutron
– no charge subatomic particle
30
Molecule
– two or more atoms held together by covalent bond
- element if same atoms
- compound if different atoms
31
hydrophilic
– love of water; soluble in water
32
hydrophobic
– fear of water; do not dissolve in water
33
atomic number
– The number of protons in each atom of a particular element
34
polar
- a molecule containing polar covalent bonds and having an unequal distribution of charges
35
non-polar
- a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity
36
ion
- an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge
37
pH
– measure of the relative acidity of a solution
- 0 more acidic, 14 more basic
- Potential hydrogen – more acidic
38
orbital
- surrounding nucleus, containing electrons
39
polymer
- a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together by covalent bonds
40
monomer
- the subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer
41
element
- the substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means
42
compound
- substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio
43
The nature of chemical bonding:
Ionic bond
covalent bond
hydrogen bond
44
Ionic bond
- A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions
45
Covalent bond
- two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons
46
Hydrogen bond
- type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially positive hydrogen atom participating in a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom participating in a polar covalent bond in another molecule
- Charge attraction
47
The special properties of water and the reason for them.
- Polar nature of water
| - Water ionization H-O-H H+ + OH-
48
The properties of acids and bases and the significance of pH.
- Acid – Increasing concentration of Hydrogen Ions in a solution H+
- Base – Increasing concentration of Hydroxide Ions in a solution OH-
- pH changes behavior in things living in that solution
- - all molecules necessary to life stays in neutral
49
The reason for the nature of carbon-
All life is base on Carbon
- Basic structure of molecules the way cells function are all base on carbon molecules that are constructed mainly of carbon atom
o Carbons ability to bind with so many types of atoms
50
- Organic Chemical
o All organic chemicals have Carbon and Hydrogen
| o All molecule essential to living things are organic
51
- Organic chemistry group
```
o Alcohols
o Aldehyds
o Ketones
o Carboxylic acids
o Amines
o Sulfhydryl
```
52
Alcohols
- Hydroxyl Group –OH
| - C – OH
53
Aldehydes
- Carbonyl Group
| - C = O (double binded slanted top right)(with bind to H slanted bottom)
54
ketones
- Carbonyl group
- C = O (double binded, middle up top, No bottom H)
- Don’t like to dissolve in water
55
carboxylic acids
- Carbonyl Group
- -COOH
- C=O (C-OH); doubled binded to OH slanted down
- O- Ionized
- All organic acid
56
amines
- Amino Group
- NH2
- N bounded H slanted right top, H slanted bottom right
- Ionized = N+ with H H H
- Organic base
57
sulfhydryl
- C – SH
| - Organic sulfur
58
Carbohydrates
| Basic composition :
CH2O
59
Carbohydrates
| Function
- Main source of energy for cells
- Storage
- Structure – form part of structure of cells (cell wall plants rigid)
60
saccharides : mono-, di-, poly-
- sugar: one, two, many
- Mono, di – simple sugar
- Poly - starch
61
Lipid
- Fatty acid
| o – fats, oil, and waxes
62
Lipid
| - Function
o Storage molecules
o Excess food stored as fat
o Main structural component of cell membranes
63
- Saturated Fat
o Solid at room temperature
o – see print out for structure
o Double bindinded to O with OH and rest H
o No double bind C
64
- Unsaturated fat
```
o Mono
One double bind C
o Poly
Two Double Bind C
o Double binded to carbon is not saturated with hydrogen
```
65
Triglyceride composition
- Fatty acid-fatty acid – fatty acid } glycerol
- Glycerol CH2-CH-CH
- Hydrophobic
66
Phospholipids (membrane components)
```
- Polar (Hydrophilic) Head
o N Group
o Phosphate
o Glycerol
- non polar (Hydrophobic) Tails
o Long chain
- Phobic; philis
- All cells are composed of
```
67
Sterols
- Cyclic fatty accids
| - Cholesterol, steroid hormones
68
Proteins
```
Polymers of amino acids
- All proteins are polypeptides
o Not all polypeptides are proteins
- Proteinsn formed as long strings of amino acids
- Ameno acid help by peptide
- Types of proteins
o Collagen
o Gelatin
o Trypsin
o Pepsin
o Hemoglobin
```
69
- Amino acid
o Organic acid
o Same time their acid and bases
Function as both
o 20 essential amino acid necessary for life
Each has unique properties; some big; some small
Some acidic, some base
One property they all share – amino acid can bind to each other into long long chain.
Polypeptide
• Peptide bind between amino acid to amino acid
• Long enough to protein
Infinite chain
70
o The primary structure of protein are held together by?
Held together by peptide bonds
71
Secondary Structure of protein
o String of amino acids folds upon itsef forming 3-D structures
• Held together by hydrogen bonds
Beta sheets or coil alpha helix
• Some are long enough to do both
72
Tertiary structure
o Interactions between varioius secondary structures reulsts in a globular protein
• Done by disulfide bonds
o Bond between two sulfur atom S-S
73
Quarternary structure
o Accumulations of separate
74
- Functions of protein
```
o Structural components
Hair; fingernail; muscles;
o Responsible for shape of cells
Animal not all cells are same
Determined by proteins inside of cells
Microscopic too
o (Enzymes) Responsible for all reactions to what happens inside the cells
All enzymes are proteins
• Not all proteins are enzyme
```
75
Nucleotides
simpliest most important
Polymers of nucleotides
o Nitrogenous base
6 base structure – pyrimidine
76
o 5 different types of Nucleotides
```
Adenine A
Cytorine C
Guanine G
Thymine T
Uracil U
o each can be different
```
77
Two types of nucleic acids
| o Strings of nucleotides
DNA and RNA
78
o DNA
```
Constructed of two strands
• Held together by Hydrogen Bonds between the bases
o A = T
o C = G
o G = C
o T = A
o U =
Pyrimidine
• Cytorine
• Thymine
• Uracil
Porine
• Adenine
• Guanine
Plays the role of Containing all the genetic information inside the cell
• Specific sequence of letter
Dna turn in into RNA to make do what it does
Double stranded
Uses ATGC as bases
Always in the nucleus of the cell
```
79
o RNA
```
Action molecule turning genetic information into the cell
Single stranded
Uses AGCU
• U substitute T
Function outside of nucleus
```
80
- Another role of nucleotides
```
o Used as energy transfer within biochemical reactions
ATP
• Used to move energy around the cell
• Break one release energy
• Make one capture a lot of energy
• Only break the last one off
• Cycles between Tri or Diphospate
o Energy release when phosphate breaks
o Or eat food – store energy in form of ATP
• TriphospoNucleutides
Adenosime tri phospate
```
81
Metabolism
- Totality of organisms chemical reaction
| - The process by which an organism gets energy and material in order to grow
82
Homeostasis
- Steady state of body functioning
| - A state of equilibrium
83
Ecology
- The scientific study of how organisms interact with their environment
84
Genus
= classification, the taxonomic category above species
| - The first part a species binomial
85
Species
- Category of specific organism
86
Taxonomy
- Scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life
87
Prokaryotic
- Type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles;
- Found only in bacteria and archaea
88
Eukaryotic
- Type of cell that has a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles
- All organisms except bacteria and archaea
89
Photosynthesis
- The process by which plants, autotrophic protists, and some bacteria use light energy to make sugars and other organic food molecules from carbon dioxide and water
90
Respiration
- Cellular repiration the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules
- Turning O2 + sugar CO2 + H2O
- Trning Energy back to chemical energy
91
Autotroph
- An organism that makes its own food (often by photosynthesis), thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules
- Plants, algae, cynobacteria
92
Heterotroph
- Organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products
93
Decomposers
- Prokaryotes and fungi that secrete enzymes that digest nutrients from organic material and convert them into inorganic forms
94
polypeptide
- A polymer chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
95
protein
- Functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure
96
peptide
- The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide
97
lipid
- An organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic
- Fats, phospholipids, and steroids – insoluble in water
98
nucleic acid
- A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers
- Serves as a blueprint for proteins
- Two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
99
amino acid
- An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group
- serves as a the monomer of proteins
100
triglyceride
- A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. As a blood lipid, it helps enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver
101
phospholipid
- A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophilic head
- Form bilayers that function as a biological membranes
102
The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by which of its parts ?
electron
103
The atomic number of an atom indicates what ?
How many protons are in an atom
104
Where are protons found ?
Inside a nucleus
105
Name and describe the different types of chemical bonds ?
Covalent bond – shared
Ionic bond – exchanged
Hydrogen bond – charged ions
106
An atom which has gained or lost electrons is called an ?
ion
107
An acid has a pH of ____ ?
0
108
What is the name given to the smallest part of a compound which exhibits all the properties of that compound ?
atom
109
In atoms the electrons occupy regions of space around the nucleus which are called ?
Orbital shells
110
Chemical bonds involving ions are called ?
Hydrogen bond
111
cellulose
Structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls composed of glucose monomers
112
sucrose
Table sugar
| Disaccharide of fructose and glucose
113
lactose
Glucose – galactose
o Find in mammalian product
o Milk sugar
o All mammalian milk has lactose
114
amylose
```
Glucose bound to glucose to glucose chain
(glucose)n
Polysaccharide
o Plant starch
o Seeds; corn
```
115
fructose
C6H12O6
| Monosaccharide found in plants; fruit sugar
116
Maltose
maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α bond, formed from a condensation reaction
C12H22O11
117
Fatty acids with single bonds are called ?
Saturated fatty acid
118
Amino acids are linked together with what type of bond ?
Peptide bonds
119
Saccharide molecules are linked together with what type of bond ?
Glycosidic linkage
120
Cell membranes are made up of what lipid ?
phospholipids
121
Nucleic acids are polymers of what ?
Nucleotides
122
Nucleotides are made up of what three sub units ?
a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphategroup, and a nitrogenous base
123
Proteins serve what function(s) ?
Structural components
- Hair; fingernail; muscles
Responsible for shape of cells
- Animal not all cells are same
124
What are the two classes of nucleic acids ?
RNA and DNA
