Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 101 > exam #3 vocab > Flashcards

exam #3 vocab Flashcards

(105 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

chromosomes

A

the structures that contain most of the cell’s DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sexual reproduction

A

requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

gametes

A

egg and sperm
haploid
sex chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

binary fission

A

dividing in half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chromatin

A

fibers composed of roughly equal amounts of DNA and protein molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sister chromatids

A

contain identical copies of the DNA molecule

- two sister chromatids are joined together especially thightly at a narrow “waist” called the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cell cycle

A

ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

interphase

A

when a cell’s metabolic activity is very high and the cell performs its various function within the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mitotic phase (M phase)

A

the part of the cell cycle when the cell actually divides, accounts for only about 10% of the total time required for the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mitotic spindle

A

football shaped structure of microtubules that guides the separation of the two sets of daughter chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

centrosomes

A

clouds of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contain pairs of centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cleavage furrow

A

a shallow indentation in the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

growth factor

A

a protein secfreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

density-dependent inhibition

A

phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cell cycle control system

A

cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

tumor

A

an abnormally growing mass of body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

benign tumor

A

if abnormal cells remain at the original site, the lump is benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

malignant tumor

A

can spread into neighboring tissues and other parts of the body, displacing normal tissues and interrupting organ function as it goes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

metastasis

A

spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas

A
  • skin or lining of the intestine (car)
  • tissues that support body, bone and muscle (sar)
  • bone marrow spleen and lymph nodes (lymph)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

somatic cell

A

typical body cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

two chromosomes of a matching pair

- they both carry genes controlling the same inherited characteresitcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

locus

A

gene located at a particular place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
sex chromosomes
determine an individual's sex | - male/female X/Y
26
autosomes
the 22 remaining pairs of chromosomes
27
life cycle
development of a fertilized egg into a new adult organism - sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next
28
diploid
body cells contain pairs of homologous chromosomes
29
haploid
cell with single chromosome set | n = 23
30
fertilization
haploid sperm cell from the father fuses with a haploid egg cell from the mother
31
zygote
fertilized egg and sperm - diploid - 2 sets of homologous chromosomes
32
meiosis
type of cell division that producds haploid gametes in diploid organism
33
crossing over
an exchange of corresponding segments between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
34
chiasma
the sites of crossing over appear as x-shaped regions
35
genetic recombination (recombinant)
the production of gene combinations different from those carried by the original parental chromosomes
36
heredity
the transmission of traits from one generation to the next
37
genetics
scientific study of heredity
38
character
a heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as a flower color
39
trait
each variant for a character, such as purple or white flower
40
monohybrid cross
parent plants differ in only one character
41
homozygous
two identical alleles for a gene | homozygotes for the trait
42
heterozygous
organism that has two different alleles for a gene (heterozygotes)
43
dominant
if two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organisms appearance
44
recessive
organism that has two different alleles for a gene | - heterozygote
45
locus
each labeled band on the chromosomes | - specific location of a gene along chromosomes(loci)
46
phenotype
physical trait
47
genetype
genetic makeup
48
dihybrid cross
mating of parental varieties differing in two characters
49
complete dominance
the dominant allele has the same phenotypic effect whether present in one or two copies
50
incomplete dominance
the appearance of F1 hybrid falls between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
51
codominant
both alleles are expressed in heterozygous individuals
52
polygenic inheritance
the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
53
sex-linked gene
gene located on either sex chromosome - X, Y
54
molecular biology
study of heredity at the molecular level
55
bacteriophages or phages
viruses that exclusively infect bacteria
56
nucleotides
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, consisting of long chains (polymers) of chemical units (monomers)
57
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
58
semiconservative model
in DNA replication where half of the parental molecule is maintained in each daughter molecule
59
DNA polymerases
the enzymes that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand add nucleotides only to the 3' end of the strand never to the 5' prime - grows 5' - 3'
60
DNA ligase
enzyme that links or ligates pieces of DNA into a single DNA strand
61
transcription
synthesis of RNA
62
translation
synthesis of protein under direction of RNA
63
Function of gene
to dictate the production of a polypeptide - provide instructions for making specific proteins - does not build protein directly
64
codons
genetic instructions for teh amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain are written in DNA and RNA as a series of non over lapping three base "words"
65
genetic code
set of rules that relate codons in RNA to amino acids in proteins
66
RNA polymerase
a transcription enzyme that links the RNA nucleotides
67
promoter
the "start trancribing" signal | - nucleotide sequence
68
3 phase of transcription
1 initiation - attach rna polymerase to promoter and starts RNA synthesis 2 elongation - RNA grows longer - done RNA strand peels away and DNA strands come together again 3 termination - RNA polymerase reach a terminator and detaches from RNA molecule and gene
69
mRNA
- messenger RNA | - encodes amino acid sequences
70
ribosomes
structures in the cytoplasm that position mRNA and tRNA close together and catalyze the synthesis of polypeptides
71
mutation
any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
72
silent mutation
some substitution mutations that has no effect at all
73
lytic cycle
results in the lysis (breaking open) of the host cell and the release of the viruses that were produced within the cell
74
lysogenic cycle
viral DNA replication occurs without destroying the host cell
75
plasmid
a small, circular DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome
76
gene regulation
the turning on and off of genes | - can help organisms respond to environmental changes
77
gene expression
the overall process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins - from genotype to phenotype
78
the control of gene expression makes it possible for?
cells to produce specific kinds of proteins when and where they are needed
79
differentiation
cells specialized in structure and function with each type of cell fulfilling a distinct role results: body contains hundreds of different types of cells
80
histones
small proteins that plays a crucial aspects with DNA packing
81
nucleosome, linkers, tight helical fiber, thick supercoil
8 histones surrounded by DNA "bead", that is joined by "linkers" strings which is wrapped into a tight helical fiber which is coiled into a thick supercoil
82
epigenetic inheritance
inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanism not directly involving the nucleotide sequence
83
alternative RNA splicing
organisms canproduce more than one type of polypeptide from a single gene
84
regulation of gene expression
Breakdown of mRNA initiation of translation protein activation protein breakdown
85
reproductive cloning
cloning that results in the birth of a new living individual
86
therapeutic cloning
when the major aim is to produce embryonic stem cells for therapeutic treatments
87
oncogene
a gene which can cause cancer when present in a single copy in the cell
88
proto-oncogene
a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene
89
tumor suppressor genes
genes who's normal products inhibit cell division | - help prevent uncontrolled cell growth
90
biotechnology
the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products
91
DNA technology
modern laboratory techniques for studying and manipulating genetic material
92
Recombinant DNA
formed when scientists combine nucleotide sequences (pieces of DNA) from two different sources--different species-- to form a single DNA molecule
93
genetic engineering
direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
94
gene cloning
the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA
95
vector
gene carrier
96
DNA ligase
joins DNA molecules by covalent bonds
97
restriction enzymes
bacterial enzymes that are used as a cutting tool
98
restriction site
the DNA sequence recognized by a particular restriction enzyme
99
restriction fragments
the pieces of DNA produced by cuts made by restriction enzymes
100
GMO
genetically modified organisms | - organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means
101
gene theraphy
alteration of an afflicted individuals genes for therapeutic purposes
102
DNA profiling
the analysis of DNA samples to determine whether they cam e from the same individuals
103
PCR
polymerase chain reaction | - a technique by which a specific segment of a DNA molecule can be targeted and quickly amplified in the laboratory
104
gel electrophoresis
thin slab of jellylike material that acts as a molecular sieve that separate macromolecules (usually proteins or nucleic acids) on the basis of size, electrical charge or other physical properties
105
cell division
when cell undergoes reproduction, the two daughter cells that result are gentically identical to each other and to the original parent cell

Biology 101 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions