Exam 1 Flashcards by Emily Baker

Hardy Weinberg equation

P+q=1
P is the frequency of allele 1 of a diploid organism
Q is the frequency of allele 2 of a diploid organism

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Frequency of each allele

320 red flowers
160 pink flowers
20 white flowers

P=freq Cr =800/(800+200)=0.8

Q=freq Cw= 200/(800+200)=0.2

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Calculate # of copies of each allele

320 red flowers
160 pink flowers
20 white flowers

Cr=(320x2) +160=800

Cw= (20x2) +160= 200

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Hardy Weinberg principle

Describes a population that is not evolving

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Conditions of hardy Weinberg equilibrium

These conditions for non-evolving populations are rarely met in nature

No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large population size
No gene flow

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Genetic drift

Allele frequency’s fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next. Tends to reduce genetic variation through losses of alleles

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Founder effect

Occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population

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Bottleneck effect

A sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment

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Gene flow

Consists of the movement of alleles among populations

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Radiocarbon dating

Can be used to date fossils up to 75,000 years old

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Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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Taxanomic groups

Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

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Cladistics

Groups organisms by common descent

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Clade

Group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants. Not all groupings of organisms qualify as Clades

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Monophyletic

Signifying that it consist of all the ancestor species and all its descendants

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Paraphyletic

Consist of an ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants

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Polyphyletic

Includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor

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Orthologous genes

Are found in a single copy in the genome and are homologous between species

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Paralogous genes

Result from Gene duplications so are found in more than one copy in the genome

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Horizontal gene transfer

The movement of jeans from one genome to the another. Occurs by exchange of tranposable elements and plasmids viral infection and fusion of Organisms

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Homologous

Corresponding or similar in position value structure or function

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Homozygous

Having identical pairs of jeans for any given pair of hereditary characteristics

Heterozygous

Which was first DNA or RNA?

RNA

Allopatric

Originating in or occupying different geographical areas

Sympatric

Originating in or occupying the same geographical area

Punctuated equilibrium

Species with a shorter evolution evolved

Graduated equilibrium

Those with a longer evolution. Selection and variation that happens more gradually over a short period of time it is hard to notice

Convergent evolution

The process in which species that are not closely related to each other independently evolve similar kinds of traits. For example dragonflies hocks and bats all have wings none of these organisms owes its wings to jeans inherited from any of the others

Coevolution

The influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution

Natural selection

The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype it is a key mechanism of evolution the change in heritable traits of a population over time

peptidoglycan

A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

Gram positive

Have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan

Gram negative

Les peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic

Endospores

Can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries and are in active

Pili

Allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

Transformation

Take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

Transduction

The movement of genes between bacteria by bacterial phages viruses that infect bacteria

Conjugation

The process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells

Phototrophs

Obtain energy from light

Autotrophs

Require a CO2 as a carbon source

Heterotrophs

Require an organic nutrient to make organic compound

Chemotrophs

Obtain energy from chemicals

Obligate aerobes

Require 02 for cellular respiration

Obligate anaerobes

Are poison by 02 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Facultative anaerobes

Can survive with or without O2

Nitrogen fixation

Convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

Protists

The group of mostly Unicellular eukaryotes. Exhibit more structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes

Four supergroups of eukaryotes

Excavata, SAR clade, Arcaeplastida, unikonta

Diplomonads

Often parasites lack plastids have reduced mitochondria live in anaerobic environments

Parabasalids

Have reduced mitochondria called Hydrogenesomes

Euglenozoans

Diverse clay that includes predatory heterotrophs photosynthetic autotroph's mixotrophs and parasites

Unikonta

Include animals fungi and some progress and has two clades