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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Water potential

A

A measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure. Determines the direction of movement of water

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2
Q

Protist

A

•Protist is the informal name of the group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes
Protists exhibit more structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes

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3
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs, which contain chloroplasts

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles

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5
Q

Mixotrophs

A

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

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6
Q

4 supergroups of eukaryotes

A

Sar Clade, archeaplastida, unikonta, excavata

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7
Q

Sar clade

A

e “SAR” clade is a diverse monophyletic supergroup named for the first letters of its three major clades stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians
Most controversial

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8
Q

Excavate

A

characterized by its cytoskeleton Euglena
•The main feature distinguishing them as a clade is a spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella
- diplomonads
- parabasalids
- euglenozoans

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9
Q

Archeaplastida

A

•Archaeplastida is the supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants

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10
Q

Diplomonads

A

Have reduced mitochondria called Mitosomes
Derive energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways
How to equal size nuclei and multiple flagella
Are often parasites
Lack plastids

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11
Q

Parabasalids

A

Have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenesomes that generate some energy anaerobically

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12
Q

Euglenozoa

A

A diverse clay that includes predatory heterotrophs photosynthetic autotroph’s, mixotrophs and parasites
The main feature distinguishing them as a clade is a spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella
- kinetoplastids
- euglenids

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13
Q

Stramenopiles

A

Include some of the most important photosynthetic organisms on earth. Most have a hairy flagellum paired with a smooth flagellum
Includes diatoms gold algae and brown algae

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14
Q

Alveolata

A

Have membrane enclosed sacs just under the plasma membrane

  • dinoflagellates
  • apicomplexans
  • cilates
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15
Q

Rhizarian

A 
Amoebas 
Threadlike pseudophilia 
-radiolarians 
-forams
-cercozoans
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16
Q

Amoebas

A

Protist that move and feed by pseudophilia, Extensions of the cell surface

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17
Q

Charophytes

A

Most closely related to land plant

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18
Q

Paraphyletic groups

A

Charophytes and chlorophytes

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19
Q

Unikonts

A

Includes animals fungi and some protists. Two classes: ameobozoans and the opisthokonts
Slime molds, tubulinids, entamoebas, nucleariids, fungi, choanoflagellates, and animals

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20
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Thrive almost anywhere including places too acidic salty cold or hot for most other organisms. Are microscopic. First organisms on earth. Unicellular. 0.5-5um. Three most common shapes are spheres rods and spirals

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21
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A network of sugar polymers cross linked by polypeptides

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22
Q

Gram stain

A

Used to classify bacteria by cell wall composition

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23
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan

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24
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic

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25
Capsules
A polysaccharide or protein layer which covers many prokaryotes
26
Endospores
In active and can remain viable in harsh conditions for centuries
27
Fimbraie
Allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony
28
Pili
Longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA
29
Taxis
The ability to move toward or away from a stimulus
30
Chemotaxis
The movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus
31
Bacterial flagella
Composed of a motor hook and filament. Many of the proteins are modified versions of proteins and perform other task and bacteria. likely evolved as existing proteins were added to an ancestral secretory system.
32
Plasmid
Smaller rings of DNA
33
Key features of prokaryotic reproduction
Can divide everyone to three hours. They are small they reproduce by binary fission they have short generation times. Have considerable genetic variation. Rapid reproduction mutation genetic recombination
34
Horizontal gene transfer
Movement of jeans among individuals from different species
35
Transformation
When I prokaryote cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment
36
Transduction
The movement of jeans between bacteria by bacterial phages
37
Conjugation
The process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells
38
F factor
A piece of DNA that is required for the production of PIli
39
Photo trophs
Obtain energy from light
40
Chemo trophs
Obtain energy from chemicals
41
Autotroph
Require CO2 as a carbon source
42
Heterotrophs
Require an organic nutrients to make organic compounds
43
Obligate aerobes
Require 02 for cellular respiration
44
Obligate anaerobes
Are poison by 02 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration
45
Faculitated anaerobes
Can survive with or without O2
46
Nitrogen fixationa
Some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia
47
Extremophiles
Live in extreme environments
48
Extreme halophiles
Live in highly saline environment
49
Extreme thermophiles
Thrive in very hot environments
50
How many species of plants are living on earth?
Roughly 290,000
51
What are the closest relatives of land plants?
Charophytes, green algae
52
Sporopollenin
A layer of a Durable polymer which prevents exposed zygotes from desiccation
53
What are some benefits of plants moving to terrestrial environments? What are some challenges?
Unfiltered sunlight more plentiful CO2 and nutrient rich soil Scar city of water lack of structural support
54
Cuticle
A waxy covering of the epidermis to prevent desiccation
55
Stomata
Specialized pores which support photosynthesis
56
Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plans without true routs to obtain nutrients
57
How long ago were plants on land?
At least 470 million years ago
58
Seed
An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
59
How are plants grouped?
Based on the presence or absence of vascular tissue and seeds
60
What are the three earliest phyla that may have diverged from common ancestor
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
61
Rhizoids
Anchor gametophytes to substrate
62
What are the smallest and simplest sporophytes of all extant plant groups?
Bryophyte sporophyte
63
What does a sporophyte consist of?
A foot A seta and the sporangium also called a capsule which discharges spores through a peristome
64
What do horn worts and moss sporophytes have that liver worts do not?
Stomata
65
Xylem
Conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube shaped cells called tracheids
66
Phloem
Has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars amino acid's and other organic products
67
Microphylls
Single vein
68
Megaphylls
Highly branched vascular system
69
Peat
Partially decayed organic material
70
Lignin
Provide structural support and strengthen water conducting cells
71
What are two clades of living seedless vascular plants?
Lycophytes and monilophytes
72
What are the three basic plant organs?
Roots stems and leaves
73
Root system
Relies on sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system
74
Shoot system
Relies on water and minerals absorbed by the root system
75
Adventitious
Formed accidentally or in on unusual anatomical position
76
Monocot
A flowering plant with an embryo that there is a single seed leaf monocots typically have elongated stockless leaves with parallel veins
77
Eudicot
An angiosperm having two cotyledons in the seed, leaves with a network of vans radiating from a central main vain, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and a ring of vascular cambium in the system. Undergo secondary growth.
78
Cotyledon
An embryonic leaf in the seed bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seeds
79
Paramecium
A single celled freshwater animal that has a characteristic slipper like shape and is covered with Cillia
80
Euglena
A green single celled freshwater organism with a flagellum sometimes forming a green scum on the stagnant water
81
Angiosperm
A plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpal the angiosperms are large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees.
82
Gymnosperm
Plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit. Jim no sperm's include the conifers cycads and ginkgo
83
Bryophytes
Small flourless green plant of the division bruophyta which compromises the masses and liverworts
84
Fern
A flourless plant that has a feathery or leafy Franz and reproduces by spores released from the undersides of the fronds ferns have a vascular system for the transport of water and nutrients.
85
Lycopodium
A plant of a genus that includes the common club mosses.
86
Sporophyte
The asexual and usually diploid phase producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form and vascular plants example the front of a fern.
87
Gametophyte
The gamete producing and usually haploid phase producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises it is the dominant form of bryophytes
88
Rule of parsimony
Choose the simple a scientific explanation that fits the evidence. In terms of tree building that means that all other things being equal the best hypothesis is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes.
89
Haploid
Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
90
Diploid
Containing two complete sets of chromosomes one from each parent
91
What are some functions of stems?
Elongate and orient the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis by the leaves. Elevate reproductive structures there by facilitating dispersal of pollen and fruit. Green stems can preform a limited amount of photosynthesis
92
What do stems consist of?
Alternating system of node's which are the points at which leaves are attached. Internode the stem segments between nodes. Auxiliary bud is a structure that has the potential to perform a lateral shoots or branch. Apical dominance helps to maintain dormancy in most auxiliary buds.

Biology (12 decks)

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