Exam 1 Flashcards by Kelly Whippo

Which species are:

1) seasonally polyestrous
2) polyestrous

1) mare, ewe, doe
2) cow, sow

*Dogs= monoestrous

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Name 2 drugs with GnRH activity

Gonadorelin (Cytorelin)

Deslorelin (Sucromate)

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Regumate is a drug with what hormone?

Progesterone

Regumate= Altrenogest

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Name 2 drugs with PGF2a activity

Dinoprost (Lutalyse)

Cloprostenol (Estrumate)

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Which species shows a sustained LH rise

Mare

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Name 3 unique features of the dog’s estrus cycle

1) progresses the same whether pregnant or not (~63 day diestrus)
2) progesterone rises PRIOR to ovulation
3) ovulates a primary oocyte (needs 2 days before can be fertilized)

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Which spp. shows a slightly shorter estrus cycle?

Ewe (17days compared to 21)

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Comparing duration of estrus:

1) which spp. shows shortest duration
2) which shows longest

1) cow–15hr
2) mare–7days
* dog & cat= 9days

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Which species have oviductal papilla

Mares and camelids

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Which immunoglobulin predominats in the LOWER repro tract?

IgG

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3 ways commensal vaginal bacteria prevent infection

1) reduce pH
2) compete for attachment sites
3) produce inhibitory substances

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How do hormones influence immunity of repro tract?

Estrogen–uterus more resistant; increased neutrophils and macrophages with open cervix (drainage)

Progesterone–more susceptible

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How does CEH differ between large animals and the canine?

In large animals, it’s due to hyperestrogenism

In canines, it’s due to prolonged stimulation by progesterone (+/- bacterial component)

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Major product produced by:

1) sertoli cells
2) interstitial cells (Leydig)

1) AMH

2) Testosterone

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Which protein/signaling molecule is important in the female (suppresses testicular development)

DAX-1

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Equine male pseudohermaphrodites are the product of _________ _________

androgen insensitivity

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Most common ovarian tumor of large animals (Mare)

Granulosa cell tumor

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Current gold standard for diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor in the mare?

Measuring AMH–almost always elevated in mares with GCT

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For cows, when does ovulation occur (in relation to estrus) and when is best time for AI?

24-32hr after onset of estrus

12-18hr after onset of STANDING heat (AM/PM rule)

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In which species is AI difficult due to complexity of cervix

Sheep

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In swine, when does ovulation occurs (in relation to estrus) and when is best time to inseminate?

Ovulation occurs during last 1/3 of estrus

Best to inseminate in MIDDLE of estrus

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Concerning transabdominal palpation, when is is best to palpate:

1) dogs
2) cats

1) 20-28 days (accuracy decreases after 35d)

2) 15-25 days (best after 21 days…doesn’t say when accuracy decreases)

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Rectal-abdominal palpation using a glass rod is primarily used for which species? During what time frame is it most accurate?

Sheep

85-109days

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When is B-mode ultrasound most accurate in:

1) dogs
2) cats
3) cattle
4) horses

1) 27 days
2) 20 days
3) 25 days
4) 14 days

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Describe the difference in placentome appearance between small ruminants and cattle

Small--concave cattle--convex

A radiographic diagnosis of pregnancy is best delayed until?

days 50-55 (allows fetuses time to ossify) * dog= early as 42 days * cat= 26-40 days

What pregnancy detection factor is secreted by trophoblasts?

Pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs)

Time frame for presence of endometrial cups in the mare? What do they produce?

38-120 days Equine chorionic gonadotropin

2 benefits of testing for Estrogen sulfate?

1) can be detected in feces--good for wildlife | 2) a positive test indicates a VIABLE fetus (intact feto-placental unit)

T/F: Relaxin is an appropriate pregnancy test for dogs but NOT cats

FALSE--also acceptable for cats

During what phase of estrous is the cow developing a CL? | When does it end?

Metestrous (lasts 5-6 days) Ends when CH becomes CL

When does diestrus end for the cow?

End with luteolysis

Describe how a cow's uterine tone corresponds to the dominant hormone

Toned--estradiol Quiescent--progesterone Flaccid--anestrus (NOT CYCLING)

Which luteal structure persists the longest?

CL3

At what time do the following things/structures become detectable: 1) fetal heart beat 2) membrane slip 3) placentomes

1) day 25 2) day 30-35 3) day 90 (dime-sized)

It's considered direct retraction of the uterus if what structure is grabbed?

Ventral intercornual ligament

4 cardinal signs of pregnancy

Fetus Placentomes amnionic vesicle membrane slip

Which structure is most accurate for gestational staging? When can it be palpated?

Amnionic vesicle | 30-35 days

3 areas/ways we attempt to control bovine estrous cycle

1) control length of luteal phase 2) control timing of follicular wave emergence 3) control LH surge and ovulation *Timed AI requires all 3!!

When GnRH is given, you can expect a new follicular wave to emerge when

in ~2days

Describe the ovsynch protocol

GnRH is given on day 1 to either ovulate the dominant follicle or stimulate a new follicular wave 7 days later, give PGF2a to cause luteolysis 2 days later give second shot of GnRH to induce LH surge and ovulation Breed ~12hrs after second GnRH injection

What type of penis: 1) bulls 2) stallions 3) Boars

1) fibroelastic 2) musculocavernosus 3) fibroelastic

Where does each species ejaculate: 1) bull 2) stallion 3) buck/ram 4) boar 5) dog 6) camelids

1) anterior vagina (onto external cervical os) 2) into/onto external cervical os 3) onto external cervical os 4) into cervix 5) anterior vagina 6) intrauterine

The stallion's "bell" is an extension of?

Corpus spongiosum penis (CSP) *serves to prevent leakage of sperm

Which species has rapid intromission/ejaculation and shows lordosis of lumbar spine upon ejaculation

Buck/ram | timing= less than 1 second

Which species has the largest volume of ejaculate?

Swine (80-450ml)

Which portion of the dog's penis is responsible for the coital tie?

Pars bulbus glandis (expands after intromission)

3 methods for dealing with mismating

1) prevent embryonic/fetal development 2) destroy conceptus 3) destroy CL

At which point is PGF2a ineffective in cattle and why?

after 120days | placental progesterone can maintain pregnancy (CL not needed)

In which species is the pregnancy ALWAYS dependent on CL? What does this mean? How are sheep different?

Goats means PGF2a will be effective at any time Sheep--can only use PGF2a up to ~60days

It's considered embryonic death if it occurs prior to day ____ in cattle or day ____ in horses

day 42 (cow) Day 38 (mare)

What defines the start of the "fetal period"

placental attachment

For which infectious agent would a positive maternal titer be diagnostic?

Brucella abortus

3 outcomes of fetal death

1) Retention (mummification or maceration) 2) Expulsion 3) Resorption

Which substance, produced at fetal-maternal interface, supports B. abortus growth?

Erythritol

Which type of leptospirosis (host adapted or non) is more likely to cause abortion STORMS

non-host adapted

Which infectious cause of abortion in cattle causes midterm abortion and can be maintained within the herd via vertical transmission?

Neospora caninum

2 potential outcomes for a fetus infected with N. caninum

1) death/abortion | 2) becomes persistently infected

Most common viral cause of abortion?

IBR abortion

In bovine, placenta should detatch and be expelled by?

12hrs after parturition

Landmarks for uterine involution 1) when is uterus palpably normal 2) when is uterus histologically normal

1) 28-30days | 2) 45 days

What are the 3 post-partum periods/phases?

1) puerperal period 2) intermediate period 3) post-ovulatory period

Puerperal period lasts from parturition until....?

pituitary regain sensitivity to GnRH (~10-14d)

The intermediate period lasts until...?

first postpartum ovulation

How does the bacterial population change from the puerperal period to post-ovulatory period?

transitions from aerobic to anaerobic

What two factors predispose to pyometra in cattle?

contamination at calving + early ovulation

What two structural things are present when a cow has pyometra?

Closed cervix | CL

Name the 5 late-developing embryologic structures

1) palate 2) cerebellum 3) urogenital structures 4) lens 5) muscle/bone/joints

Crooked calf disease is associated with maternal ingestion of?

Lupine!

Which breed of cattle is affected by arthrohryposis mutliplex?

Angus

Principle toxin of Veratrum Californicum? How does it cause cyclopia?

Cyclopamine cyclopia in lambs if ingested by ewe on day 14 of gestation

Sensitivity vs. specificity

Sensitivity---ability for the test to determine which animals HAVE the disease (false negative rate) Specificity--ability for the test to identify animals that do NOT have the disease (false positive rate)

Ideal BCS for beef cattle?

A cystic structure is one that is ___cm in diameter and persists for _____days

>2cm; persists for >10day

Most common clinical presentation of cows with cystic ovarian disease?

Anestrus (failure to cycle)

T/F: scrotal circumference of the sire can impact his heifer's puberty

True larger circumference= earlier puberty

During what time frame of gestation does mummification occur in cattle?

3-8 months | earlier=resorption

Does mummification or maceration impact future fertility the worse?

Maceration has worse long-term impact

What are the 3 stages of parturition?

Stage 1--final changes/preparation Stage 2--delivery of fetus(es) Stage 3--expulsion of placenta and uterine involution

Exam 1 Flashcards

(79 cards)